Examining The African Union And Economies Economics Essay

Harmonizing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was enlighten about AU and AU was abbreviated as an AFRICAN UNION. Initially formed as an â€Å" ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY † ( OAU ) and it was established in 1963. Harmonizing to Manelisi, Francis and Stephen ( 2000 ) was cited about OAU and briefing the personal businesss of an Continental degree and looking into independent organic structure as a forming of a African Union. They are taking into consideration of speed uping public presentation of OAU. They have certain rules and majorly concentrating in two countries. First one was sovereignty and secondly known as non-interference. Leaderships of a African states lack behind in leading qualities and emphasized to organize an African brotherhood. MR. Muammar el-Qaddafi and he was from Libya state and their chief aspiration to establish an AU. 53 states Members are actively indulge to back up a African brotherhood excepting the Morocco state.African brotherhood and their Main aimsHarmoniz ing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was AU is endeavoring to better the development in the African states and to cut down the poorness and the graft and to stop the legion differences in the Africa. Harmonizing to Ryan Africa have its ain aims, that African brotherhood is a political brotherhood. African brotherhood chief aim is to develop the different type of undertakings in broad scope of administrations in this African brotherhood. This African brotherhood ever taking that to develop and societal and economic development in Africa. By the manner, they have got success in release for African provinces by utilizing their power of colonial. Chiefly African brotherhood have their ain aims are To accomplish integrity in between African provinces and in peoples integrity besides. To accomplish peace in between provinces of Africa by giving security to the continent of Africa. To better the velocity in political countries and to unite the socio-economic facets in the continents of Africa. By giving the encouragement to research in all the Fieldss the growing of the continents are travel frontward, particularly in the Fieldss like scientific discipline and the engineering. Promote the minimal criterions of the people populating in Africa, by promoting the support in human activity in all the Fieldss. Required conditions are set up which allow the African state to take portion to execute its right function in the international conferences and the planetary market. Encourage to keep the ecological balanced betterment at all degrees like societal and economical and cultural facets over and above African economic systems integrating. African brotherhood is taking the aid of the international spouses and they are giving accent for obliteration of chief causes of diseases. Whole continent want to advance the hygienic conditions for good wellness of African people. African brotherhood concentrating on cardinal issues like democratic rules. African brotherhood concentrating on their establishments. African brotherhood want to keep good administration and active indulgenceGlobal crisis:Harmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) planetary crisis was foremost started in united provinces and it shown its consequence on all other states and once more it started In the year2007 the planetary economic crisis was started and had a immense consequence in fiscal position of different states of the universe and it continued to 2008.due to the planetary crisis there is a immense diminution in the stock market worldwide. Fiscal establishment in different parts of the universe has been collapsed and even the authorities in the strongest states has to some forward to raise the fiscal position of the other states. Harmonizing to Patrick ( 2008 ) worldwide figure of states put into the recession due to the fiscal planetary crisis. It is on-going processReasons for planetary crisis:Harmonizing to Mak ( 2008 ) is the chief ground for the recent planetary economic crisis is â€Å" sub-priming lodging market â €  . It was chiefly started in United States. Harmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) was due to the sudden autumn of the sub-prime market which is based in the US and the unfortunate reverse in the lodging roar shows its ripple consequence on the other industries throughout the universe. Because of the place mortgages fiscal merchandises was adversely affected and have major deductions for the planetary crisis. Taking all above facet in to considerations and eventually it reach to neglect. Harmonizing to rakesh ( 2009 ) was the addition of the fiscal planetary crisis was started in 2008 and shows it effects on the present economic system and the fiscal environments. The economic failure it made the universe economic system really hard at this clip due to crisis. Global crisis shows its immense consequence on cardinal Bankss. The effects of fiscal crisis are leads to epoch alteration in the cardinal Bankss. Because of the autumn of the cardinal Bankss the fiscal system was affected. At the initial degree of the crisis, it ascribed that the crisis leads to the planetary instabilities but the result of these instabilities remains for longer. Global imbalances show its shortage in the histories of the America. It shows its excess in developing states Asia like China and the states like Russia and Middle East which are exporting the oil besides affected due to the crisis. Macroeconomic instabilities like salvaging investing and immense flows in the cross-border fiscal is put its emphasis on the procedure of the intermediation. These instabilities are cooperated to bring fort h some of the characteristics for the current crisis. Harmonizing to Ivan was the chief job that raised due to the crisis was unemployment. Harmonizing to economic adviser ( 2009 ) This can be solved by cut downing the unemployment easy than the other crisis and the other ground for the crisis is most of the economic systems are depending on the frail policies. These policies are prostrations and these consequences to the planetary crisis. Crisis shows the impact on the international concern. Companies need to acknowledge the its operations to get the better of the recission.otherwise 1000000s of workers are quit from the occupations. Globally concerns are adequately hit by the crisis and due to this companies seek the aid from the authorities. To last companies need the aid of the authorities. Most of the little graduated table industries are in danger and others are confronting the jobs like insolvents.Impact of planetary crisis on African economic system:Chapter 2CHALLENGES POSED BY THE CURRENT GLOBAL CRISIS ON AFRICAN ECONOMIESMAIN CHALLENGESHarmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was enlighten in their committe about African economic systems confronting with several jobs and their economic system severely affected by the crisis. The commission be aftering to concentrate on cardinal countries and placing jobs to purl tinkle and they want to take necessary stairss to get the better of the crisis state of affairs in AU economic systems. These are the chief challenges to get the better of jobs during crisis stage.AU have to analysed challenges and actively indulge in their several Fieldss and speed up plants process to make a good economic system for whole African people. Eradication of poorness Keeping sustainability of a growing Inflows of a capital Lack of support from private sectors Worsening of a financial grosss Lack of promotional activities on wellness attention systems Lack of substructure installations regional every bit good as national degree. Worsening of a exportsEradication of poorness:African economic systems confronting many hurdlings during the crisis. The first and most of import measure is disputing undertaking for African economic systems is looking farther obliteration of poorness in their several states. Poverty plays a critical function for the economical development of the county. African economic systems have to take particular steps to eliminate poorness and it is really indispensable measure for development of the states. Recently an African economic system was severely affected by crisis and poorness has become one large major job for their states. All African states come to together and take remedial steps for poorness and Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s make African states pride at planetary degree.Keeping sustainability of a growing:The 2nd of import measure is disputing undertaking of a sustainability growing for economic systems. They are majorly concentrating on investings and use the resources in a proper mode. Availability of investing and they are majorly giving accent for substructure installations and do sustainability growing of African economic systems. Due to crisis and their economic system was fallen down and short autumn of investing. Before the crisis African economic systems was kept high outlooks about their investing. They kept marks to make their places, during 2009 about 50 billion dollars and 2010 it can be reached to fifty six one million millions dollars harmonizing to USD. African economic systems have to do their economic system more stable and need to take particular steps to get the better of the planetary crisis.Inflow of a capital:Harmonizing to concern directory was cited in their web site about capital influx stands acquiring beginnings externally like foreign states and they can be cheaper comparing with domestic market. Harmonizing to Michele ( 2008 ) was cited in his article about capital influx for African economic systems and other states like South Af rica [ SA ] adversely effected due to economical crisis and certain countries like about an agribusiness sector, about an excavation sector and fabrication sector. before the crisis SA states and other African states holding a good capital influxs for a period of 2007. These states are majorly depending on foreign states and looking into economical development of the African states. When foreign Countries was severely by planetary recession and it straight reflects to an African Economies [ AE ] .Lack of support from private sectorsPrivate sector plays a critical function for economic development of the state. Due to crisis many African states was faced with shortage of their payments. This is an of import challenging undertaking for African states and these states are wholly rely on private sectors. Many of the African states people lost their occupations in different sectors because of planetary crisis. African authoritiess was failed raising financess from fiscal markets of a int ernational markets. Many of the undertakings has been cancelled due to miss of support from private sectors for African economic systems. Harmonizing to Afrol about their intelligence was cited in their website African authorities has to promote the FDI from the developed states and it leads to economic development of the state. African states taking that private sector can salvage from planetary recession. Taking support of private sector, African states can supply ample of occupation chances for their state people. Many of the foreign investors are looking for ample of resources and that at the same clip seeking support from African states.Worsening of a financial grosssHarmonizing to ADB ( 2009 ) was enlighten in his article about financial grosss in African economic systems. African states are adversely set uping during planetary crisis minute. African states were confronting with financial grosss jobs because they do n't hold ample of financess for development of African Union. Fiscal grosss are eventually reached to worsen phase and advancement of a African economic systems coming down and growing of GDP was reached up to 0 % . Harmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was cited about financial grosss reached to worsen phase due to planetary crisis. Producing of a oil states of African states confronting many hurdlings, authorities does n't hold any financess, deficiency buttocks at development of substructure installations was taking some jobs because of financial grosss. Other sectors known to be about building field, about fabricating field and other several Fieldss of service degrees and others sectors are considers as a non-oil. These sectors are wholly rely on public sectors and slowly it reached to worsen phase. African economic systems forecasted grosss of a authorities can be reached upto twenty four per centum during the period of 2009. African states need to analyze approximately financial gross and this can be taking to an of import challenging undertaking for economic development of African states.Lack of promotional activities on wellness attention systemsHarmonizing to Nana and Alan ( 2004 ) was cited in his book about HIV/AIDS and their programmes. African states confronting many jobs on wellness attention systems. African states people are infected by HIV diseases and about 50 to eighty per centum affected by an urban population. African economic systems was severely affected by planetary crisis and they are holding another of import challenging undertaking was wellness attention system. Because of recession and their states economic system goes down. Their states confronting many jobs with wellness attention system and they concentrate on cardinal factors to advance a good wellness attention system in African states. Some African states like Zambia and other state Zimbabwe are extremely affected HIV Patients. Harmonizing to Hanlin ( 2007 ) was cited in his journal African states want to advance advanced wellness systems to awfu l diseases like HIV and AIDS. African states need to accommodate advanced constructs to command and supervise the HIV/AIDS programmes. They are implemented PPS and PPS stands for â€Å" Public-Private Partnership † as an advanced construct and authorities invested plenty of financess during 2005. At present scenario African states adversely affected by planetary crisis and take challenging undertaking and implemented efficaciously to protect awful diseases for African state peoples.Lack of substructure installations regional every bit good as national degreeAFM commission ( 2009 ) was enlightened that African Economies was adversely affected deficiency of substructure installations due to planetary crisis. Initially African states have to concentrate at basic degree. Every Country economical development depends on substructure installations and it plays a vital for economical development of the state. Infrastructure is an of import facet and anchor for African states. African states have infrastructural spread between regional every bit good as national degree. Harmonizing to Zuma and Jacob ( 2009 ) was cited in his article says that substructure is an of import facet and they has dressed ore certain countries like about rail webs, about coevals of a power, about a telecommunications and proper public conveyance installations. South African state in their history it was the first clip gone in recession and GDP came at diminution phase and many African economic systems are emphasize and they are seeking stable their a economic system in a stipulated period of clip. Many of the investors is non coming frontward to put in African states because of planetary crisis. Now it was become ambitious undertaking for African states to heighten substructure installations for development of African states. African Government has to promote private participants and they have provide some particular privileges to private participants and taking support of these partici pants they can extenuate hazard from planetary crisis.Worsening of a exportsHarmonizing to AFM commission ( 2009 ) was stated that African states major exports are Oil bring forthing, wood merchandises and valuable diamonds and other sectors like fabrication. Producing of an oil was severely affected by crisis. An export was fallen down during the period of 2009 and 2010. Before crisis expected up to two 50 one billion dollars of 2009 and two 70 seven dollars of U.S. planetary crisis hit severely for African states and the exports are reached phase of diminution at two 100 one million millions of dollars in 2009 and two 20 billion of dollars in 2010 of U.S.Chapter 3Schemes implemented by African economic systemsChapter N0:4ANALYSIS REPORT FOR AFRICAN ECONOMIESGlobal recovery of an African states comparing with other states.Harmonizing to Andre ( 2010 ) was cited in their web site on Jan 28th about planetary recession and hurdlings faced by states and concentrating on economical grow ing calculating for following approaching old ages. African economic system is emerging economic system in recent old ages. Most of the African economic systems came to worsen phase and their economic systems are adversely affected by planetary crisis during the period of 2009. From figure 1 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/newrels/wesp-graph.gif ( 27/04/2010 ) From Figure 1 provinces that African economic systems economical growing was 1.3 % during the period of 2009. UN enlighten in their studies about Many of the African states adversely by planetary crisis and growing of African economic systems was slow down. They forecasting that African economic system growing can be reached to 4.3 % by 2010 comparing to 2009. They want to heighten public presentation and growing of an African economic system at least 3 times and they are taking into consideration and comparing with 2009 and 2010. African can be consider as a 2nd fastest of a turning economic system in planetary parts and they holding an trust on them and anticipating to make growing of a economic system by 2010. While we taking in to consideration of Asiatic states economical growing during the period 2009 and following approaching twelvemonth of 2010. About south Asiatic states and east states parts and these states are see as emerging economic systems and these states are affect b y planetary crisis during 2009. The economic system growing was 4.3 % in 2009 and they kept immense outlooks for their economic growing and these states are seeking really hard and they kept mark to make to 6.4 % growing of a economic system by the terminal of 2010. Lets we take other portion of the part known as Western Asia from Asiatic states. Western Asia of a economic system growing 0.4 per centum in 2009 and these part has to work hard develop their economic system and they are be aftering to make 3.6 growing of a economic system by 2010. While we taking into consideration about Latin American and Caribbean states and other parts of a developed economic systems. They are adversely affected by planetary crisis and confronting many hurdlings during 2009. The growing of a economic system was reached to 0.4 per centum in 2009. about African states and southeast states at least they are in a normal places comparing to developed economic systems. Developed economic systems economic system growing drastically fallen down due to planetary crisis in 2009. These states are seeking their best and develop the economic system growing and looking farther to their mark 1.3 % of a economic system growing by the terminal of 2010. African states are concentrating on cardinal sectors like an oil and other related mineral merchandises. African states is rich natural resources and their merchandises have an immense demand and they exports their merchandises to developed states. FDI plays an critical function for African economic systems and if they want to get the better of from planetary crisis, FDI is an of import factor development of African Economy and it has some privileges for African states. African states promoting FDI and at the same clip they giving accent for private participants. By taking support of FDI and participants of a private sectors and they can get the better of the planetary crisis job by the terminal 2010. African states make their economic system su stainable and advancement of an African economic system.The domestic nest eggs and their several rates from 2005-2008 and following period from 2009 -2010Harmonizing to AFDB ( 2010 ) was enlighten that domestic nest eggs of African states comparing with about developed economic systems and about developing economic systems. They are explained in context degree of diagrammatical chart which is listed below.i.e Figure 2. Figure 2 about Domestic Savingss of a part side Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 ) From figure2 stated that about developing states of Asiatic states demoing sustainable growing rate of economic system and heightening salvaging rates from 2005-2008 and during crisis minute of 2009-2010 their economic system turning at an mean 35 % . About advanced economic systems during 2005-2008 was steadily bettering and it reaches up to 20 % nest eggs. During planetary crisis minute economic systems salvaging rates fallen down drastically 2009-2010 and it was 18 % . About Middle East states, approximately Latin American states and Carribeans during 2005-2008 salvaging rates growing was bettering 42 % and 22 % severally and during 2009- 2010 their economy rates fallen during planetary crisis minute 38 % and 29 % severally. African economic system was dining before the crisis during 2005-2008 and salvaging rates was high and they reached upto 25 % severally comparing with other states like Asiatic states, about in-between east states their redemptive really high, but relatively A frican states growing was mean, but all of a sudden African states salvaging fallen down i.e. 18 % . During 2009-2010. It is clip taking procedure for African states over come from planetary crisis. It is really difficult for African states during planetary crisis and they have to plan suited schemes and concentrate on cardinal sectors where they are lack behind. FDI scheme is suited scheme for African economic systems because there was reached to worsen phase. Due to planetary crisis African states lack in resources like about substructure installations, Human capital and non-suitable for concern environment. An African states faces many hurdlings to develop their economic system and they have merely one major ground behind i.e. Fundss. Any state want to develop that should hold ample of financess to develop their economic system. African state besides confronting same job.i.e FUNDS. Before crisis African economic system was dining in the universe. African faces international degre e every bit good as domestic degree and it shows immense impacts growing of their economic system. An African states faces unemployment jobs and they are unable to supply ample of occupation chances for African states specially youth. The stock markets and their major resources of their exports reached to worsen phases and these are major impacts for African economic systems.The Real GDP and their growing ( % ) of African states and the several sub-regions in 2009.The African states were slow down their GDP and it is adversely affected by African economic system due to planetary crisis. Figure 3 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 ) The growing of African states was before the crisis is bettering and they are seeking to run into the demands of Global economic system. But planetary crisis make the African economic system slowed down and its automatically reflects on GDP of a African states. From fig3 provinces about GDP of African provinces and how it reaches diminutions phases between 2008 to 2009. The existent gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and their growing was calculated in per centums during 2009. About Eastern African existent GDP of their 4.3 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. About Central Africa Real GDP of their 2.1 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. Decline phase is somewhat more relatively of existent GDP of a cardinal Africa. About Western African existent GDP of 3.5 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. About South African was severely affected by the planetary crisis and their existent GDP was demoing in negative i.e. ( -1.3 % ) . South African plays a critical function for economic development of African states. The major portion come from south African because they are holding ample resources and it is cardinal location and it major suited all concern environment for domestic every bit good as international degree. South African is major affected by planetary crisis and growing came to worsen 6.5 % . Many African of the states are wholly rely on exports and they want to develop African economic system and at the same clip concentrating on growing of GDP of a African states. African states keep the mark to crush planetary crisis and do the African economic system as a sustainable economic system by the terminal of 2010. About oil and their trade good exports of African states Harmonizing to Urbanomics ( 2009 ) was cited in web site about exports of African states. Figure4 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //4.bp.blogspot.com/_GMkD4mFrFxw/ScYoFFQPWfI/AAAAAAAAA0k/VMU5QZYF6kY/s320/oil+and+commodities.gif ( Accessed on 28/04/2010 ) African states are majorly concentrating on exporting trade good merchandises and they are bring forthing ample of sum

Precision Worldwide, Inc Havard Case Study

SUBJECT: Precision Worldwide, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: My recommendation for Precision Worldwide, Inc. (PWI) is to immediately stop the production of steel rings. PWI then needs to sell the remaining steel rings to at least recoup some of their initial investment. In the meantime they should start producing, selling, and distributing plastic rings to their entire market of customers while attracting new customers who may prefer this new option. CONCLUSION: By changing their production offering to the plastic rings, PWI will create more profit which in turn will keep them ahead of competitors in the industry. The remaining 15,100 steel rings will have to be calculated as a sunk cost. With this new product offering, PWI will be able to acquire new clientele across the globe and still be able to maintain the loyalty of their existing patrons. RESULTS: When PWI sells 100 plastic rings, they are expected to make $838. 25 more in profit than the sale of 100 steel rings. It costs $1107. 90 to produce one hundred steel rings. When that is compared to creating a hundred plastic rings, which only costs $279. 65, it becomes more evident why PWI should switch their product line. Plastic rings are also more durable than their steel counterparts and ultimately a better product overall. APPENDIX: The choice that Precision Worldwide, Inc. must make can essentially â€Å"make or break† them. Hans Thorborg, the General Manager, faces a predicament with how to deal with their existing and the in process inventory. He also has to come to a decision regarding the materials that have been obtained for inventory but PWI did not have the chance to actually process them before the change was made. Before Thorborg can make a decision, there are three main factors that need to be taken into consideration: the opportunity costs, the product substitution, and sunken costs. I would recommend that Precision Worldwide, Inc. immediately start producing the plastic rings that were created by Bodo Eisenbach and halt the production of the steel rings. The sale and distribution of the plastic rings should begin immediately after to all of their branches so that way PWI can start earning profits as quickly as possible. PWI currently has a specialized inventory because the steel rings that they produced were made from a unique type of steel. There would be sunk costs that would ultimately come from the failure of PWI to sell back the specialized steel because of the same features that make the steel unique would in the end be the reason that they are difficult to resell. There is over $390,000 in estimated costs of the specialized unprocessed steel and the already completed rings, as well as steel rings that were a work in process. By immediately stopping production of the steel rings PWI will lose quite a bit of money, but in the long run they will be able to bring in a larger profit and more clientele with the production of the plastic rings. To minimize the amount of that Precision Worldwide, Inc. stands to lose (close to $400,000); they can raise its opportunity cost by bringing to an end the work in process of the specialized steel rings. During the production phase of the new plastic rings, PWI can try to sell all of the remaining steel rings that they have in stock. By doing so, they will be able to decrease the amount of money that they stand to lose when switching product lines. The new profit margin is $828. 25 per hundred rings (Cost of the steel rings $1,107. 90 minus cost of the plastic rings $279. 65). PWI has the potential to earn $1070. 35 per one hundred plastic rings because they are going to be sold at the same price as the steel rings $1350. By completing a product substitution, PWI will help reduce the debt and hopefully increase the amount of sales by generating new customers and maintaining the trust and loyalty of their current clientele. Due to the profit margin being over $1000/100 rings sold, PWI will be able to completely wipe out their debt in a matter of a few months. Although there will be competitors selling other plastic rings, they will be few and far between. PWI will be one of the first companies to sell it therefore obtaining more of the market share and becoming a leader in this field. The fact that PWI is worldwide will prove to be an advantage in generating new clientele in new areas by being the first to have the merchandise in their regions. By creating new clientele, PWI will produce larger profits and hopefully due to the quality of their product offerings, trust and loyalty in the new clientele. Company shareholders will also have more trust in PWI for making a wise decision and eventually increasing the value of their shares. Fortunately for PWI that the profit margin is high enough to offset the quantities of plastic rings that are sold. Since they are stronger and more durable than the steel rings, less plastic rings will be purchased. One of the reasons that Precision Worldwide, Inc. eeds to take the risk in producing the plastic rings is because they can afford to halt production of the steel rings. After taking into consideration their opportunity costs it would be the wisest decision for GM Thorborg to proceed with the production of plastic rings and immediately halt the production of the steel ones. PWI not only stands to bring in larger profits in the long term, they will also open the eyes of consumers who w ill soon become their clientele due to a better product offering APPENDIX: Fixed Overhead: Item Plastic Rings Steel Rings Material$17. 65$321. 90 Direct labor$65. 50$196. 50 Direct o/h $52. 40$157. 20 Total$135. 55$675. 60 Item Plastic RingsSteel Rings Profit Made (per 100 sold) $1,070. 35$232. 10 Life of Ring 8 Months 2 Months Steel profit x4 (plastic lifespan) $928. 40 Profit Difference $141. 95($141. 95) Total Revenue: Item Plastic Rings:Steel Rings: Profit per 100$1,350. 00 $1,350. 00 Cost per 100 $279. 65 $1,107. 90 Total $1070. 35$232. 10

Environmental degradation

IntroductionSince the 1970 ‘s, environmental debasement has brought grave concerns to the bow with respect to the Amazon Rainforest ( Amazonia ) . The international community – peculiarly the United States – has stanchly advocated for planetary direction of Amazonia as a agency of efficaciously continuing this critical resource. The cardinal belief impeling this place is the sentiment that Amazonian states are steadily eliminating portion of the universe ‘s last leftover tropical wood through deforestation and hapless forestry direction policies. In visible radiation of the turning importance attached to environmental issues on the international phase, the Brazilian Federal Government ‘s chase of development has been deemed uncompromisingly aggressive. The international community contends that this is adversely impacting world. Brazil, nevertheless, is non pleased with this stance. Through its security and foreign policy, the Federal Republic of Brazil under the helm of President Luiz Inacio Lula district attorney Silva has endeavoured to asseverate sovereignty over the Amazon Rainforest located within its boundary lines in response to the possible ‘internationalisation of Amazonia. ‘ This essay will analyze the nature of internationalization, see other cases where the construct has been deliberated upon or applied and analyse the argument environing the internationalization of Amazonia. In bend, this essay will detail how the menace of internationalization has affected policy-making of President Lula, with specific focal point on security, development and environmental policies.Internationalization Of AmazoniaImportance Of AmazoniaAmazonia is the term used to depict the belt of the Amazon Rainforest located in South America. At present, it is situated within the districts of 9 states and Brazil has about 60 % of the Amazon within its boundary lines. This country is known as the Legal Amazon. Over the old ages, the part has assumed tremendous international and regional importance. In footings of biodiversity, Amazonia constitutes the largest aggregation of vegetations and zoologies in the universe. Cultivation of the land is non merely cardinal to the supports of the locals, but the Amazon Rainforest is a huge modesty of natural resources that includes familial stuff, stuffs that are cardinal ingredients for pharmaceuticals and lumber. It besides plays a critical function in modulating planetary clime forms, gaining the rubric of the â€Å"lungs of the earth† due to its map of cut downing planetary heating. Deforestation in Amazonia has been a pressing concern in recent times, as wood glade has meant there is less flora to absorb C emanations. Therefore, the protection of the Amazon Rainforest has been determined as an pressing concern on an international degree.Two Sides Of The ArgumentThe current contention over Amazonia bends on two points: the struggle between development and to what degree the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ would interfere with Brazil ‘s right to sovereignty. Both the international community and Brazil have strong statements doing the issue a complicated one to decide.The Case For International ManagementIntense development of the Legal Amazon has resulted in damaging environmental effects such as the decreasing quality of fresh H2O and air and rapid glade of flor a. Subsequently, this has had societal reverberations such as nutrient insecurity. The international community – comprised of States and NGOs – argues that to disregard such important alterations would be negligent and hence the universe has an involvement in continuing the Amazon Rainforest. As of late, States have exerted force per unit area on the World Bank to decline payment to Brazil if it fails to assent to international preservation norms. Furthermore, the international community contends that as the Amazon Rainforest is shared by 9 States, it becomes more than a mere domestic presence. Coordination of preservation and sustainable development attempts would be cumbrous if Amazonia were viewed as fragments dealt with strictly by internal policy. Rather, it should be viewed as a whole for the intents of direction and hence an international organic structure may be better suited to this function. Ecological jobs, it has been alleged, surpass traditional constructs of State sovereignty.AntarcticaACEHThe Case Against The ‘Internationalisation Of Amazonia ‘The Brazilian authorities has regarded the chance of international direction of The Legal Amazon as illicit intervention into Brazil ‘s national procedure. The chorus of â€Å"Amazonia is ours† is a common in Brazilian circles. Brazil has besides deemed the surcease of fiscal assistance from the World Bank as conscienceless, as it coerces the development of Brazil to be shaped by external histrions. Brazil claims that industrialized states are furthering a dual criterion, by obliging developing states to continue their staying natural resources even though environmental concerns were non a factor of their ain growing. An interesting statement raised by Brazil is the fact that other ecosystems under Brazilian control – such as the Atlantic Rainforest – are mostly being ignored by the international community, despite the fact that they have been about wholly destroyed. Oppositions of internationalization have proposed that this may be because such countries do non hold the same degree of natural wealth. This alludes to the impression that Brazil is besides profoundly leery that the preservation dimension is merely a camouflage for other states to work the Amazon Rainforest ‘s enormous resources and utilize it for their ain involvements. There has been controversy over the function of NGOs in the part as it has been continually suggested that NGOs were simply cloaked instruments of states of Northern Hemisphere trying to besiege the sovereignty of Brazil â€Å"without damaging international rights.†DarfurPolicy-Making In The Lula AdministrationEqually far as the portion of the Amazon Rainforest that is located within Brazil ‘s boundary lines is concerned, Brazil asserts that the international community is non justified in their stance that an international organic structure will better pull off the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil has perceived this planetary preservation attempt as an indirect effort to besiege its sovereignty over Amazonia. Consequently, the alleged menace of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ coupled with international force per unit area has shaped Brazilian security and foreign policy.Security PolicyLula received a considerable sum of resistance from the military sector and conservative cabals of Brazilian society whilst runing for election. In malice of this, Lula has acknowledged that military presence in the Legal Amazon is a seminal facet of Brazil ‘s defense mechanism and security. He has displaced the outlook that he would scale down military plans and alternatively, has harnessed the armed forces ‘s support of development to foster his overall scheme of economic, societal and regional growing. International appraisal of the Amazon Rainforest has influenced the coevals of Brazilian security policy. Lula, like old presidents, has endorsed the ‘militarisation of the Amazonian frontier. ‘ The armed forces ‘s aim in the Legal Amazon is to protect the part from illegal logging, deforestation and drug trafficking. However, another accessory motivation for the armed forces is to reaffirm Brazil ‘s territorial unity over Amazonia.Military ‘s Historical Role In AmazoniaHistorically, the armed forces ‘s function in Amazonia has been important and consecutive Brazilian authoritiess have utilised the military to react to external intervention. In 1964, the so military government felt it was imperative to protect the Legal Amazon from external conquering by states who were presumed to ‘covet the part and its putative wealths ‘ The principle behind this was that though Brazil had acquired sovereignty over a great trade of the Amazon basin t hrough diplomatic negotiations, the country could ne'er be ‘Brazilian ‘ unless wholly secured. The Sarney disposal devised the Calha Norte ( Northern Trough Project ) which entailed increased military presence in the Legal Amazon, spawned out of fright of a possible invasion. Likewise, the Cardoso government constructed the National Defense Policy in 1996 which stipulated that the Legal Amazon was of strategic precedency to Brazil. It is besides interesting to observe that during the Forest Fire Crisis in Roraima – a province of the Legal Amazon – Brazilian governments rebuffed foreign aid. This reaction is declarative that aid may hold been regarded â€Å"as external forces trying to claim international control over Amazonia.† In his term, Lula has reinstated Calha Norte and besides embraced Cardoso ‘s National Defense Policy by edict in 2005. To supplement this, in 2008 he adopted the Strategic Defense Plan which ensured that the sum of military forces in the Legal Amazon would lift from 17,000 to 30,000 over the following decennary. This undertaking is a agency of modernizing the military to reflect Brazil ‘s emerging function in the international domain. Lula ‘s current Amazonian scheme is twofold: protecting the vulnerable Legal Amazon by garrisoning the frontier with military colonies and using the Amazon Vigilence System better known as SIVAM. Lula is a ferocious advocate of SIVAM which became operational during his first term. The $ 1.4 billion radio detection and ranging and surveillance system commandeered by the Brazilian air force, complemented with SIPAM ( the Amazon Protection System ) allows for strategic responses to menaces and leery activity without physical military presence. Even through the lens of democracy, Lula has demonstrated that the armed forces still has a cardinal function to play in asseverating Brazil ‘s sovereignty over Amazonia. This stance is implicative of Brazil ‘s position that the Legal Amazon should non be managed by an international organic structure.Human SecurityOf class, impressions of security do non simply encompass traditional military constructs. The construct of human security besides suggests that the range of security should be widened to include developmental and environmental security, with peculiar focal point on the public assistance of the person as opposed to the province. Therefore, viewed from this vantage point, Brazil ‘s development and environmental policies have besides been shaped by the internationalization argument.Development PolicyEconomic StabilityBrazil ‘s current foreign policy is directed to a great extent towards guaranting that Brazil does non roll from its way as an emerging w orld power on the regional and planetary phase. Brazil ‘s stableness during the recent planetary fiscal recession proves that it is flexing its regional musculus and steadily turning in international importance. Development of the Amazon has been a cardinal characteristic of old Brazilian disposals, stemming from the intense period of enlargement with Operation Amazonia in 1966, wherein roads were built, foreign investing was encouraged and colony of the Legal Amazon with agricultural settlements was promoted. The thought behind this was that if the country was cultivated and occupied, the chance of international intercession would ebb. Development was besides of import in footings of set uping regional connexions: states sharing the Amazon basin became more incorporate through commercialism and grapevines. Lula ‘s association with the Worker ‘s Party has influenced his primary end of societal and economic development. Under Lula ‘s regulation, the Brazilian authorities has been successful in the variegation of the state ‘s already powerful industrial sector. Consequently, his accent on the development of the Legal Amazon arises from a desire to enable Brazil ‘s acclivity in the international domain, as the Amazon Rainforest has an copiousness of natural resources. Therefore, procuring Brazil ‘s claim over the Legal Amazon has greatly coloured development policies.Sustainable DevelopmentThe state ‘s continued economic development requires more growing and in bend, more demand for energy which has raised environmental concerns. Government rhetoric affirms that this is ineluctable in order to gain Brazil ‘s economic system to its full potency. At present, much of the Legal Amazon is still in despairing demand of farther substructure and soci etal development and the Brazilian authorities has stated that if Amazonia is non developed it can non prolong a billowy population and spread out its art in the international market. Further, impressions of preservation do non register on the spectrum of believing for dwellers of the Legal Amazon, as many live in poorness. The internationalization argument, nevertheless, has coerced Brazil to switch from theories of pure neo-liberalism and add thoughts of sustainable development to the ‘Brazilian vocabulary. ‘ During his run for presidential term, Lula promised to highlight environmental and societal issues whilst guaranting the conservative cabal of Brazilian society that he planned to continue with the old authorities ‘s neo-liberal economic policies. He readily supported sustainable development in Amazonia as it encouraged the possibility of length of service in footings of production, lasting economic growing and besides demonstrated that Brazil had administrative capacity over the Legal Amazon. Lula set in gesture the Sustainable Amazon Plan, avering that 70-80 % of the wood could potentially be preserved in concurrence with economic development. The Brazilian Fire Control Program for Amazonia has countenances on combustion during the extremum dry season and IBAMA – the Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency – has the capacity to impose mulcts and enforce tutelary sentences for illegal deforestation and logging and combustion. Deforestation licenses have besides been revoked from landowners who exceed the 20 % deforestation bound on their belongings. However, the effectivity of sustainable development ventures in Brazil has been called into inquiry as there is turning bitterness that the Avanca Brasil ( Brasil Advances ) program shows Lula ‘s prejudice for socialized development, allowing the building of roads and development undertakings which are at odds with preservation undertakings. And though Brazil is a cardinal figure in ACTO ( the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ) which calls for sustainable development within the Amazonian states but respects the sovereignty of these states, critics argue that the pact has been mostly uneffective in their strategic program. Despite Lula ‘s steadfast place on developing the Legal Amazon, it is clear that the internationalization argument has influenced Brazil to chair its development policies from purely traditional economy-building to promoting the execution of sustainable development, which now occupies a cardinal strategic place in Brazilian foreign policy.Environmental PolicyLula ‘s predecessors have been willing to see the environmental concerns raised by the international community. President Cardoso, for case, hosted the United Nations Conference on the Environment in 1992. The Lula disposal has besides continued to factor the environment as a pillar of policy-making and prides itself on being the â€Å"greenest† Brazilian authorities, with many new policies aimed at sustainability. The internationalization argument has impelled Brazil to measure its internal preservation policies and the function the state has to play on the planetary phase. The Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Itamaraty, affirms that the environment is a cardinal strategic line of Brazilian foreign policy. The Lula disposal is far more cognizant of Brazil ‘s duties in footings of honoring international environmental criterions with respect to preservation, deforestation and clime alteration. However, these environmental policies have systematically been framed from the point of view of supporting domestic sovereignty over the Legal Amazon.ConservationWhile it is of import for Brazil to develop Amazonia, it still has considerable involvement in conserving the part. This is non merely to guarantee economic and environmental length of service but many loans from international establishments, such as the World Bank, and developed states favour enterprises and undertakings that promote preservation and/or sustainability. Lula ‘s election into office heralded the potency for Brazil to switch from neo-liberalism and impel itself more persistently towards preservation attempts. During his presidential term, Lula has reformed the Forestry Code of 1934 and continued to run the Nossa Natureza ( Our Nature ) plan instituted by President Sarney: a $ 100 million undertaking designed to set about forest protection through an instruction procedure. The Public Forest Management Law besides provides that corporations are entitled to 3 % of the Amazon Rainforest if they engage in sustainable development. The intense examination of the Amazon Rainforest has encouraged the Brazilian authorities to beat up support for preservation undertakings: the Lula disposal has argued that the cost of continuing Amazonia is a load that should be borne by all stakeholders. However, Lula has been speedy to clear up that this protection should non be achieved by the international community administrating the part. Furthermore, at the launch of the Amazon Protection Fund in August 2008 – an aid-based plan premised on accumulating $ 21 billion worth of contributions over a period of 13 old ages – Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Brazil ‘s Minister for Strategic Affairs stated that: â€Å"The fund is a vehicle by which foreign authoritiess can assist back up our enterprises without exercising any influence over our national policy. We are non traveling to merchandise sovereignty for money. † Despite being antiphonal to preservation unfavorable judgments, Lula has been accused of moving in a reactionist, instead than proactive, mode. This stance of following environmental policies tailored in response to mounting international force per unit area over deforestation rates and crises has been deemed a defect of the current disposal. For case, in 2003 Lula ordered the formation of a figure of preservation countries in the Legal Amazon subsequent to the slayings of outstanding conservationists and environmentalists in the part. Although Lula regularly appoints renowned environmental militants to the environmental stations, two have resigned in dramatic manner. Mary Allegretti, the Secretary of Coordination of the Amazonas in Ministry of Environment, resigned after happening that: â€Å"On the deliverance of the Amazon, the authorities is clearly still of two minds.† And Marina Silva, former Environmental Minister, left her place in 2008 after Lula made remarks kicking about the backbreaking procedure involved in obtaining environmental licenses for development undertakings: â€Å"Brazil ‘s economic development is being held up for the interest of a few fish.† These fortunes seem to bespeak that while preservation is on the docket for Brazil, at present the end of development is favoured over it.DeforestationThe chase of developing Brazil ‘s economic system has entailed mass deforestation at an dismaying rate. However, Brazil has taken great paces in trying to turn to the environmental effects of deforestation. In 2008, Lula announced a program to cut down the rate of deforestation by 50 % by 2017, although this has been branded as vague, as the mechanisms for enforcement are ill-defined. In March 2010, Brazil and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding in which both states would work jointly to cut down deforestation in a command to control clime alteration. This move is important, as it demonstrates chumminesss between two states that have historically been at dunces over how to diminish deforestation. Slash-and-burn systems involve uncluttering big countries of wood for agricultural intents and has lay waste toing effects on the dirt of rain forests which basically changes the nature of the rainforest ecosystem. Brazil ‘s National Policy on Forests has been reformed to deter and punish slash-and-burn techniques. The antecedently mentioned SIVAM besides operates on an environmental degree, as its scrutiny of Amazonian topography is informative in measuring which countries are appropriate to be designated for eco-zoning and besides detects illegal logging and deforestation. Many critics, nevertheless, suggest that SIVAM ‘s primary military docket will dominate any other intent unless farther support is given to scientific research. Lula has besides established the National System for Nature Conservation Units, which protects about 37 % of the Legal Amazon and has created the Protected Areas Fund. Lula has managed to demo significant consequences in controling deforestation: from July 2008-August 2009 the Brazilian authorities was able to expose a 45 % bead in the deforestation rate from the old twelvemonth. However, despite this diminution, deforestation in Brazil is now reportedly on the addition. Brazil has Torahs against deforestation but they are hard to implement, peculiarly in rural countries with small to no ministerial presence. Furthermore, much of Amazonia is still freely available under Brazilian jurisprudence, which does non present much inducement for land-users to cultivate the part sustainably. IBAMA – Brazil ‘s Environment Protection Agency – is allegedly full with corruptness, awfully underfunded and does non hold adequate resources at its disposal. Merely 6.5 % of the mulcts imposed for illegal deforestation are really collected and about 80 % of the logging in Amazonia is illegal. It is clear that the internationalization argument has contributed to the execution of forestry ordinance within Brazil. However, it is arguable whether or non the theoretical precautions in topographic point are realised to their full consequence in pattern.Climate ChangeBrazil has been instrumental in clime alteration dialogues in planetary forums, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is a cardinal participant in dialogues as it is responsible for 3 % of planetary emanations due to deforestation. One relevant menace from clime alteration is desertification, which may transform Amazonia from a exuberant part rich with natural resources, to a drought-stricken barren. Brazil is progressively interested in avoiding displacements in the environment that will render the Amazon Basin unsustainable. Brazil has a National Plan on Climate Change which premises sustainable development and a staggered decrease of nursery gas emanations. Furthermore, Brazil ‘s involvement in clime alteration dialogues is to seek an understanding that will non impede its development. So far, Brazil has benefited from the dialogue procedure as it has remained mostly focused on energy emanations, and the bulk of Brazil ‘s emanations are emitted from the forestry sector. The Lula disposal has seen clime alteration dialogues as chance to make partnerships that will affect the transportation of engineerings between developed and developing states. The Brazilian authorities is besides timeserving, in that it uses climate alteration dialogues as a platform to show its way towards economic growing and societal development, leading amongst developing states and its emerging function in the South America part and in the international domain. Indirectly, Lula has used international forums on clime alteration to showcase to the universe that Brazil is steadfastly in control of issues that affect Amazonia.DecisionThe state of affairs in the Legal Amazon has been described as President Lula ‘s concluding great confrontation whilst in office and an scrutiny of his security, development and environmental policies demonstrates that the part has been a important component of his expansive scheme. Although the Brazilian Federal Government has tailored much of its recent security and foreign policy to integrate more preservation and sustainable development schemes, the effectivity of these has frequently been called into inquiry. In order to guarantee long-run advancement and fulfill the international community ‘s environmental scruples, Brazil must endeavor to equilibrate the development of its economic system and affairs of preservation. Faced with the chance of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ a sequence of Brazilian governments has exhibited an purpose of protecting against the invasion of Brazilian sovereignty over the Legal Amazon. Even with a displacement in leading later this twelvemonth with the approaching elections, it is extremely likely that this stance will predominate and that Amazonia will busy a cardinal function in geopolitics for Brazil as it is non merely significantly rich in natural resources which is important to development, but besides subsists as a strong symbol of patriotism. Alexander Lopez, ‘Environmental Change, Security and Social Conflicts in the Brazilian Amazon ‘ ( 1999 ) 5 Environmental Change & A ; Security Project Report 26, 27. Naval College article hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7538480.stm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maryallegretti.blogspot.com/2006/04/como-era-verde-o-meu-vale.html Naval college article Environmental Degradation What Is Environmental Degradation? Environmental degradation is a result of socio-economical, technological and institutional activities. Degradation occurs when Earth's natural resources are depleted. These resources which are affected include: †¢Water †¢Air †¢Soil The degradation also impacts our: †¢Wildlife †¢Plants †¢Animals †¢Micro-organisms How Environmental Degradation Occurs Environmental changes are based on many factors including: †¢Urbanization †¢Population growth †¢Economic growth †¢Intensification of agriculture †¢Increase in energy use †¢Increase in transportationOur land, water and soil are compromised when people exhaust resources or release harmful chemicals into the air. Deforestation, wasting resources, and pollution all add to the demise of an environmentally-sound and safe planet. For example, when trees in forests are cut down in large quantities, so that more homes can be built on the land, the bi rds and wildlife who lived in the forest must find a new place to live. The vegetation that once grew on the land is destroyed. Trees that absorbed carbon dioxide to help the biosphere are now unable to do so.If the wood from the trees is used to make products and those products (such as paper) are later recycled, that is one hopeful aspect for the planet. However, some times trees are just cut down and burned. This is what is known as slash and burn, a practice that only destroys forests and all that live in them. Unfortunate Impacts of Environmental Degradation When factories produce harmful chemicals and toxic waste into bodies of water, humans suffer. Pesticides and fertilizers can also get into a region's water system and pollute it. Drinking water is contaminated.Some residing in third-world countries are highly effected by the degradation of our planet and these unhealthy practices cause the following: †¢Illnesses †¢Death in children †¢Death in adults Poverty I n many countries in Africa, crop harvests are falling as consumption increases. People are finding less nutritious food to eat. One argument held is that while fields in wealthier nations are used to grow crops for biofuel, poorer countries, especially those around the Equator, are vulnerable to weather changes, water shortages, and urbanization. All of these factors are increasing the health and lives of thousands.Some scientists and environmentalists are asking that non-food items and agriculture waste be used as alternative fuel for vehicles instead. Losing Earth's Beauty As humans dump waste products, use chemicals, and over fish in the oceans and seas, areas of beauty such as coral reefs are damaged. At times the destruction is so great that is cannot be reversed. We are killing our planet and the consequences are tremendous. One example of this lies within the coast lands of Thailand. Here marine and coastal resources at risk. Vast areas of mangrove wetlands have been lost.Cor al reefs continue to suffer degradation, and the total fish available for catching is declining. Not only is the degradation causing marine and coastal resources to be lost, but this issue holds large economic problems. When there are not enough fish to catch, fishermen are without income to support themselves and their families. In some coastal towns, the shores are eroding at a rate of one to five meters per year. This results in an annual loss of more than six billion baht ($150 million) in economic terms. How to Stop Degradation There are ways which you can help to decrease degradation in our environment.Some of these include: †¢Purchase recycled products †¢Conserve water †¢Do not litter or toss waste into inappropriate places †¢Conserve energy †¢Join an awareness group †¢Talk with others about the impacts of environmental degradation †¢Be an advocate to save our planet! Conclusion: The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on th e social, economic, and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem. Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacy left to future generations of a clean and supportive environment.Because of the interdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent, and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects of environmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations and communities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated with environmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, and ensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time, companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion - Coursework Example Older adults with lower education levels are not able to monitor their blood pressure, therefore, medical practitioners should focus in aiding such individuals. These medical practitioners can focus on educating the community on the risks, causes, and treatment plans for the condition. In regard to the setting, resources that are available in this community that can aid in meeting the requirements of the target population include education, group counselling, and community empowerment fairs at senior homes. Dire areas of education in prevention and management of this condition include increasing the nutritional standards and engaging in regular exercise programs. Programs such as farm to school programs and health assessment and screening ought to be implanted in this area (McDonald, Hertz, Unger, & Lustik, 2009). Challenges I anticipate includes illiteracy in the target population, communication barriers as I may use medical terms which the community members may find hard to comprehend, and lack of participation of some community members. Despite these challenges, I aim to achieve my set goal of lowering the rate of hypertension among the elderly in this

See the description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See the description - Essay Example It is through these processes that the supply chain gets completed and helps to meet the demand of the consumer. When managed properly these stages help the firm to minimize costs and maximize profits. Firms like United Price Service (UPS) and FedEx are a very important part of the supply scale. They are a vital component in the distribution of products and services of a firm and help to contribute to supply chain improvements. Supply chain improvement is required for the better functioning of the firm as it helps them to stabilize their costs and satisfy their consumers. Some important areas in the supply chain improvement are: process, measurement, information management and technology (http://www.intercai.co.uk/library/pdf/supply_chain.pdf). For this the factors important are the velocity by which the supply chain functions to transport the end product to the consumers. Also what is important is that the product reaching the consumer is correct and meets the customer’s needs on time. UPS, which has been in existence since 1907, is one of the largest package delivery firms in the world with regular access to around 200 countries in the world. Similarly FedEx is another huge distributor business and again one of the leading firms in the business. Such transporting businesses not only play an important role in package delivery for people, but they also act as a medium of delivery for huge firms which use such transportation companies to deliver their products to customers anywhere with maximum speed. This is an extremely vital component in the supply chain of any firm which wishes to maximize its access areas and profits. These firms also provide many IT services to both the firms and the consumers. One of the major services is transportation. Any person anywhere in the world can buy products of any multinational company; like laptops, printers, cell phones, etc. and have them delivered at his/her

How Can the Internet Assist Organizations with Creating Customer Value Essay

How Can the Internet Assist Organizations with Creating Customer Value through Personalization and Mass Customization - Essay Example When it comes to narrowing down the scope and role of e-marketing and related technologies to a mere aspect of creating value or enhancing customer value, it seems that words are diminishing and the whole aspect can never be explained in its true sense and that it might take years to elucidate such a broad topic. The contributions of e-marketing strategies and organizations in developing and stabilizing many businesses is obvious with the development in the marketing concepts as well as recent researches which are not proving that co-branding, co-creation and third-party inventions have set up new milestones for all the companies; be it some multinational giant or some small entrepreneurial venture. The concepts that have been introduced with an â€Å"e† as a prefix, like; e-commerce, e-trade, e-business, e-marketing, and e-strategy, explain the literal terms of carrying out business via the electronic channel, apparently. However, these terms explain some very broad concepts of internet cram which have proved to be revolutionary, immensely, after the internet boom of the ’90s. Collaborative Networked Organizations (CNOs), those which are also known as â€Å"third-party vendors† and â€Å"fourth party logistics/vendors† and Virtual Customer Communities (VCCs) i.e. the company which exists online only, confirm a soaring prospective as drivers of value co-creation and open innovation. They have also been playing role in driving value specifically in collaborative innovation.  This joint venture has proven that it can amplify malleability and suppleness of the companies’ VCS (Value creation systems) to support responding to an external situation like co-creation or collaborative opportunities (external driver).  

Organizational Learning and Environmental Change Essay

Organizational Learning and Environmental Change - Essay Example Still, most of this is still commandeered by human intelligence however, networked computing is able to reap efficiency and outputs undreamt off earlier.Often new concepts are ignored till the time they translate into a competitive disadvantage. This paper examines the various approaches to learning which an organization can adopt so that learning challenges in the environment are not only recognized right in time but also ingrained into the operations of the organization and reflect in employees’ learning to derive competitive advantage. This paper examines the relevance of the Revans formula which emphasizes the importance of keeping pace in the learning process. All organizations can be viewed as offering some kind of solution to the problems of their stakeholders in the widest and deepest marketing sense. An essential blueprint for the organizational survival is derived from the writing of Revans(1980,1982). Revans(1980) posited that in order for an organization to succeed the learning(L) within an organization must be greater than or equal to the rate of change(C)in the environment (L ≠¥ C). This is called the Raven formula. This concept maintains that organizations must become learning organizations if they are to survive the changes in the external environment that affect the business and its operations. Revans recommended action learning to essentially mean removing the gap between ideas and actions, between thinking and doing, action and learning as parts of each other. Revans coined the phrase,† â€Å"helping each other to help the helpless†.Revans philosophy is based on three concepts of honesty about self, all know ledge ought to be action-oriented and most action should lead to camaraderie. An immediate example can prove Revans theory in relation to stakeholders of any organization. The organization  like airlines –offering the services of air travel-were faced with a new and emerging niche of customers who were upwardly mobile professionals with high spending powers in the  early 1990s.

Why Should We Forgive Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Should We Forgive Others - Essay Example In Christianity which is a western religion, teaching about forgiveness takes a very central role in the spiritual life of the Christian adherent. The teaching is that, if we expect God to forgive us, we must in turn forgive our fellow man when they wrong us. This is best expressed in what is known as the Lord’s Prayer in Mathew 6:9-13 where the Christian petitions God to forgive him just as they forgive others. This is as a precondition that if we expect God to forgive us, we have a part to play in forgiving others as it is narrated in Mathew 6:15. We also find the example of a Christian who practiced forgiveness during the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:60 where Stephen prayed and said ‘lay not this sin to their charge’, words almost similar to the ones uttered by Jesus Christ at His crucifixion, ‘forgive them for they know not what they do’, speaking about His crucifiers, yet He had committed no sin, Luke 23:34. This shows that a Christian who forgiv es is following the example of the author of Christianity, Jesus Christ. The Bible also teaches about turning your other cheek and giving your coat as well to someone who takes your cloak as it continues to express the virtue of forgiveness, Luke 6: 27-31. The Bible also talks about God’s demonstration of love in that Jesus Christ died for the sins of the world while man was still a sinner (Bash, 2007).

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Summary and response - Essay Example Some of the robots that will take part in the competition have artificial intelligence that is slightly lower than that of human being. As such, they require little human interception. Some are able to walk on four artificial leg with multiple joints that enables it to climb a ladder and hoofer around a building or an object. According to the article, participants reckons that the competition is a challenging affair as they impressive innovation from major manufacturers in America. In this case, the competitors equate the challenge with that of autonomous car challenge. On the positive note, they argue that the competition will improve the present day humanoid robots that can respond to disasters such as the nuclear plant disasters that have hit various parts of the world. Some of the robots such as the CHIMP will have legs that can fold and double as treads. These features enable the robot to operate in rough terrain and hence very efficient in rescue missions. Lastly, the article suggests that robots challenge will ensure great improvement especially in the consecutive years. As a consequence, it is most likely that advanced robots will serve human kind in various ways. I normally visualize the concept of robots as a convenient replacement of inefficiencies caused by human being. Though robots require human interception in their operations, it is worth noting that they are more efficient that human beings, especially in difficult tasks. I believe that robots can perform serious tasks in environments that are inaccessible or that pose danger to human being. The competition that is described in this article presents a prime opportunity to manufacturers of robots. Firstly, I believe that even those who will not participate will have a chance of gauging the level of technology exhibited in the competition. Secondly, the participants have a chance of walking away with huge sums of money as prices. This creates an

Organizational Communication and Culture Research Paper

Organizational Communication and Culture - Research Paper Example During this meeting, the manager presented a revamp plan that involved a higher focus on online advertising and less focus on traditional modes of advertising. Each member of the key staff was assigned with specific tasks by the manager. The session did not have any scope for discussion or providing suggestions as the manager did not encourage it. Shortly, the manager sent out an email communication to the rest of the department informing them about the new changes and revamp plans. However, the email communication did not mention anything about employee’s questions or suggestions either. Instead, the specific tasks for each team, along with the desirable goals as well as deadlines, were assigned to them. In such a situation, the decision has left me and the rest of the employees confused and frustrated as to why the changes were made. Lack of communication between upper management and the employees during a change is a common phenomenon in most organizations (Frahm & Brown, 2007). The problem in this case occurs because there was no employee involvement in the decision making process which, in turn, results in employees feeling confused and unvalued. In this case, employees were not encouraged to get involved in the company as well as the marketing department’s strategic decisions; instead, they were assigned with tasks without the opportunity of discussion or consultation. The specific communication problem mentioned above can be attributed to the work culture of many Asian companies. According to Hofstede, countries such as Japan and China are particularly high in power distance, which means that subordinates in organizations that are managed by leaders from those countries are not encouraged to question the decision of their authorities for fear of negative consequences or conflicts (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2009). As it is evident from the

Finding and Contribution Essay Example for Free

Finding and Contribution Essay According to many studies and researches over the past 30 years have shown there is an existence of a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. (Frooman, 1997) The data accumulated over the past 30 years do not support the latest contingency theory in the area of corporate social responsibility. (Soana, 2011) Some authors argue that good CFP leads to good CSP because more profitable companies have more resources for investing in socially responsible initiatives. On the other hand, some others believe that Corporate Social Responsibility can determine higher financial results thanks to strategy reassessment, process improvement, and employee, customer and local community loyalty. As well as, the positive relationship between CFP and slack resources argument of CSP could not cover the weaker of the negative relationship itself. Some firms choose the solution for CSP by motivating and using â€Å"ecological† but still practice profit maximization in the state of â€Å"premature† of their company’s lifecycle. For some reputation effects purpose, the public and some other non-market environments may be the reason for the organization to change their long term strategies and consider those social issues to prevent bad reputation CSP disclosures. According to the article, they stated with confidence that the association between CSP and lagged CFP is not negative and it seems to affect each other through a virtuous cycle likewise the financially successful companies spend more on social responsibility activities because their finance supports them. However, the meta-analysis decline the idea that CSP is incompatible and unnecessary with shareholder wealth maximization. For the effectiveness organisation may need more combination of financial and social performance. The article also mentioned that the notions of libertarians such as Friedman that government regulation in the area of CSP may not be necessary. If the analysis shows the negative relationship between CSP and CFP, bottom line decision making may create barriers to outcomes desired by the public. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for combining the findings from independent studies.By using meta-analysis, researchers can test and identify those areas which are being related by other studies and authorize them. Furthermore, for those unexplained inconsistence from across studies remains relatively large and needed further requirement to identify moderators which can be shown in the analysis as well. In the managerial point of view, market environments will not punish the company if they are in highly corporate social performance. Therefore, the managers can practice social responsibility strategies. (Prasertsang Ussahawanitchakit, 2011) Corporate social responsibility strategy refers to managers’ awareness of public policy, social care, surrounding organization responsibility for society and natural of the environment both internal and external organization. â€Å"Internal† is well-being of employees, safety and supporting education whereas â€Å"external† is responses to the need of customers such as research and development for the high quality of product and service by reducing waste, energy consumption and the pollution that might arise from the production processes. Top managers must use CSP like a reputation level and pay more attention on other party’s perceptions about their organizations. Moreover, they need to know whether they are currently under study of any market analyst, public interest group or the media. A company which highly in CSP can get extra return from rece iving public endorsement from federal agencies. Overall Assessment Generally, by using quantitative research, this article is trying to show that the prevailing trend claim that we are lack of generalizable knowledge about CSP and CFP which is built on unstable base. The particular objectives of this meta-analysis include providing a statistical integration of the accumulated research on the relationship between CSP and CFP. As well as, assessing the relative predictive validity of instrumental stakeholder theory in the context of that relationship between CSP and CFP and examine several moderators, such as operationalization of CSP and CFP, and timing of CSP and CFP measurement as well. The meta-analysis was built on earlier researches by including market return measures in addition to accounting return, CSP measures other than social responsibility audits performed by Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini Co., Inc. Moreover, It responses to Waddock and Graves’s call for research on the temporal consistency of results, independent of the time lag chosen between CSP and CFP. Furthermore, it integrates empirical results across diverse study contexts and enabling them to look for theoretical moderators and statistical artefacts that might explain the highly variable results across other previous studies. Author provides a methodologically stricter review than other studies in the past 30 years. The meta-analysis findings suggest that corporate virtue in the form of social responsibility such as public policy, social care, well-being of employees, etc†¦ Firmly the performance of the corporate is affected by their managerial strategies and activities in market and non-market environments. Some firms choose the solution for CSP by motivating and using â€Å"ecological† but still practice profit maximization and shareholder profit maximization. Additionally, this article introduces a meta-analysis review of primary quantitative studies of the relationship between CSP and CFP. The particular objectives of this meta-analysis include providing a statistical integration of the accumulated research on the relationship between CSP and CFP Bibliography Frooman, J., 1997. Socially irresponsible and illegal behavior and shareholder wealth: A meta-analysis of event studies. Business Society, Volume 36, pp. 221-249. Prasertsang, S. Ussahawanitchakit, P., 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy, Marketing Performance and Marketing Sustainability: An Empirical Investigation of ISO 14000 Businesses in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 11, pp. 60-72. Soana, M.-G., 2011. The Relationship Between Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance in the Banking Sector. [Online] Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f80d931a-37b8-4dd8-a174-3d913ffdac87%40sessionmgr15vid=5hid=10 [Accessed 3 July 2012]. Waddock, S. A. . G. S. B., 1997. The corporate social performance–financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, Volume 18, p. 303–319.

Elements of Music Essay Example for Free

Elements of Music Essay Review Questions: 1. The basic elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, melody, and form. 2. Pitch is the frequency of a sound; it relates to the highness or lowness of a tone that we hear. 3. Syncopation involves placing emphasis on normally un-emphasized beats or using a rest on a normally emphasized beat. The types of music that uses syncopation are ska, reggae, rap, jazz, and some forms of metal. 4. The three examples in forms of music are concerto, sonata, and symphony. A concerto is a musical piece in which one solo instrument (such as a piano or violin) is accompanied by an orchestra. A sonata is a musical composition for a solo instrument (often piano or other keyboard instruments). A symphony is a musical piece that has been scored for a full orchestra; it is often an extended composition. 5. Form in music is the framework that a composer uses to create a piece of music. It is the combination of other musical instruments, such as pitch, tempo, and dynamics. Critical Thinking Questions 1. I definitely agree with this assessment because music speaks to different cultures around the world, defining the term ‘’universal’’. Even if two people speak two different languages, such as French or Japanese, they would still relate to their own way of music throughout their language in their types of background. 2. Musical notation is important because it determines how you learn the notes of the music and how the piece is played. The benefits of writing down notes to make a musical piece are creating the melody sharing the music with others by communicating them through the piece, and possibly make more pieces somewhat similar to that. 3. The ways we use music in our society are through listening on the radio in our cars, or on our mp3 players. We use it through TV commercials, movies, in stores as background music, videogames, and mostly on the internet. We can also make music ourselves based off of playing instruments, recordings in studios, and making beats with any object or instrument. This is also how I mostly use music in my life, particularly through being in choirs, singing, and getting inspiration to do so by listening to different types of music on my mp3 player. 4. The experience I felt which changed my mood about the specific music that played is when in 2005 I went to my first concert in California with my mother and my aunt to go see Madonna perform. As we sat in the front row, it began by a huge crystal ball coming down on the stage and while it split in two, Madonna appeared and singed with all the backup dancers surrounding her. It was a strange scenery for me on how she appeared on how she appeared and basing her theme off of glittery, shiny glamorous things throughout singing from her most notable songs. Though I was confused at first especially since I was young and never experienced that before, it made me feel excited and happy listening to the rhythm and the melody of the music, which was mainly fast tempo.

Investigate How Patient Choice Health And Social Care Essay

Investigate How Patient Choice Health And Social Care Essay The above-mentioned patient choice agenda in healthcare refers to various types of service providers into the NHS. Choice agenda is dynamic and varies according to time and medical providers. Choice alone without competition gives people a false consciousness without real outcome. Therefore choice and competition work well together rather than individually improving quality and efficiency. Even less competitive health-care providers are motivated to upgrade their services to attract customers. Extending choice agenda tends to eliminate inequalities for less affluent patients. Evidence tells us that choice agenda offers equal opportunities for all and minimise inequalities within healthcare (Dixon, 2003). In 2005 MORI carried out a study and discovered that 5o per cent of the general public prefer to select health-care providers outside their local area comparing with four per of people. Therefore, this study tells us that the general public likes the idea to select for alterative health-care providers. However amplifying patient choice may not successfully eliminated inequities (Stevens, ). Offering choice to the general public is less likely to improve equity if mythological varieties exist within the uptake of choice. Wealthy patients have the freedom pick for private health -care providers if they believe local health-care providers offer poor quality of services, less likely to specialise in their condition and have low rating. Therefore the idea of equal access for meeting equal need to all people failed.  [1]   On the whole, the British Social Attitudes Survey outlines that disadvantaged groups, linked to education, income social class, tend to opt for alternative health-care providers far higher than affluent patients. For instance people with an income of  £10,000, females, working class and low level of educational attainments tend to make use of choice agenda far more than well-off people. A similar study was carried out in Helsinki, Finland and found related results empathising working class people like the idea to choose health -care providers to a greater extent than middle class. Therefore, these examples emphasise no differentiation in the uptake of choice between various socioeconomic classes. 2New Labour accepted the neoliberal model developed by Thatchers administration during 1990s. In 1997 under New Labour patient choice increased and here are some important reforms promoting patient choice agenda: Foundation Trusts (FTs) and rating system. These reforms tend to promote cheap and quality services. This is likely to motivate health-care providers contesting for funding which correlates with the capacity of patients treated. On the other hand Payment by Results which pay secondary care providers using a standard for tariff liked with the amount of patients treated. This reform promotes patient choice upon referral from GPs. Therefore this notion of choice agenda tends to improve waiting list times and quality of services. Last but not least the government tend to places a target system that measures the uptake of choice. The government shifted the attention from competition and continued to promote the business model by promoting partnerships between health-care provider s. In order for promote real choice; the market is obliged to provide alternative providers. Private providers have a long legacy operating within the internal market since 1948 as long as they provide services at a standard tariff. The internal operating under New Labour is less focused solely on competition, but is rather promoting efficiency and quality of services. Evidence shows that patients opt for private health-care providers over public health-care providers because providers exhibit good service quality. In general, patient choice tends to enhance competition among providers to attract customers. On the contrary private health-care providers tend to cover limited services such as non-emergency ones. Patients may demand more services rather than less at higher costs which tend to put pressure on providers to deliver services at high standards. Often private medical providers are likely to display egocentric focused on profit making. In general private providers tend to cost more than services offered by the NHS. Hence this market tends to favour wealthy and competitive patients rather than less well-off. In 2010 White Paper, Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS, the Coalition government tends to promote patient choice by introducing a Commissioning Board in the NHS. The Board monitors the performance of primary care providers to ensure health-care providers offer high standard of service care and involve patients in decision making. In addition the commissioning board is also made responsible for tacking equity within healthcare. Also, the government is aiming to increase competition and turn secondary care providers into Foundation Trusts becoming a financial regulator focused on tariff princes and competition as well as promote efficiency. Finally the Foundation Trusts tend to become social enterpriser which is likely to involve medical professionals in decision-making. Choice isnt real for patients living in certain areas of the UK. People living in rural areas of London tend to be excluded from selecting health -care providers. Less affluent patients are less motivated to travel long distances because car ownership is low among disadvantaged groups. Also some people in low paid employment are unable to take time off from work preventing them further from exercising choice. In general, people travelling long distances tend to have poor attendance records for primary care appointments. A study conducted by () show that age, gender and social class differences prevents people from exercising choice. People over 60 year olds, housewives and working class tend to limit travelling distances to search for providers (both primary and secondary care). Hence gender, social class and age tend to be factors that determine the uptake of choice for health-care providers. Affluent patients tend have resources to purchase houses in areas near good -quality health -care providers. An example discovered by () argues that young, affluent patients and living in inner city areas of London are likely to opt for alternative medical health-care providers.  [3]  Whereas disadvantaged groups with low levels of education are found to least opt for alternative medical providers. The uptake of choice agenda among poor individuals is likely to improve when subsidised transport is offered to people, providing additional transport costs and better public transport on the outskirts of the UK. Hence improving the above issues tends to encourage poor patients to travel long distances to have their treatments. Also, lack of available information tends to prevent patients from exercising choice for medical providers. It is believed that some people need additional support to choice medical health-care providers. Often, less well-off patients, low levels of education and the elderly require supplementary assistance to make effective choices. These types of groups are less likely to have access to internet connections, sources or/ and social networks that work in hospitals often equipping them with information of various health-care which tends to help them navigate the system. This source has been criticised for being resource intense and a real problem for those who are not computer literature. Published data is a key element for choice that emphasis the performance of various health-care providers. Making use of this type of data tends to make patients autonomous and self-responsible for their own health. In general, health- care providers use ranking systems to upgrade their services. With their reputation at stake, medical providers are motivated to improve quality of services in order to remain in business. Often, disadvantaged groups use performance data more than middle class people to make health care choices. But lack of available data is a major factor perverting them from exercising choices. Patient choice agenda tends to lead to equity. Reid () claims methodological variations in healthcare are far more complex rather than focusing solely on resources. Poor people tend to lack self-confidence and knowledge to converse with health-care providers in medicinal vocabulary. Evidence shows patients poor ability of expression creates imperfect freedom of choice in decision-making amongst individuals. In general, these issues lead to unequal ability to navigate the system. Although providing people with choice rather than a voice tends to be more effective for less well-off patients. Patient choice agenda gives disadvantaged groups the opportunity to be heard and necessary self- confidence to exercise choices. Therefore, choice empowers patients that are least knowledgeable how to manoeuvre the system. Middle class people, on the other hand, have power, resources and skills to manipulate the system in a particular way that suites their interests. Certainly affluent patients are more proactive than less -well of patients in comparison to choice agenda. Hence privileged patients are more articulate, confident and persistent which often this system suites privileged patients rather than poor people. The impact of patient choice on health services delivery tends to provide mix views. Patient choice may improve the quality of services under the internal market in response to waiting list times. GP fund holders improve waiting list times upon referral to hospitals and reduce cost for prescriptions. An example that may fit in this capacity is found in a study conducted by London Patient Choice Project. This study states that patients tend to look for alternative medical providers in order to reduce waiting list times. Certainly competition together with high numbers of health care providers may further reduce waiting list times. However dissatisfied patients with services offered by medical providers tend to opt for the option to search for alternative medical providers that meet their needs. Under the internal market, money dictates the choices patients make, meaning that hospitals lose money patients choose alternative medical providers. Thus health-care providers must responsive to consumer demands in order to remain in business, unless they are likely to face closure. Patients tend to empower medical experts to decide treatments because the doctor knows best. Often, patients shift choice into the hands of doctors, particularly in life-threatening situations. In life threatening situations medical staff is likely to decide treatments on behalf of patients. Therefore, the choice agenda in this case regarding to the quality of treatment tends to have no result. Evidence suggests that seven out of ten patients like better to relocate treatment choices to primary care providers (). This example tells us that people like the idea to have an input in relation to deciding medical providers. In reality, GPs are seen as the gatekeepers for making choices. They act as agents for patients rather than patients exercise choice. Often, patients empower medical providers to select treatments. This happens because people tend to have limited skills and access to information that would inform people of various treatments. Middle class people are often informed of the premium treatments. These people have access to internet and sources like books and journals that inform them of various treatments. People with lower levels of education tend to have access to journals and books which allow them to make meaningful choices. London Patient Choice Pilot study, on the other hand, contradicts this view. This study claims the up-take of choice among people with various levels of education has little significance. Only two per cent difference between people with various levels of education tend to look for hospitals that provide treatment. In conclusion middle class people tend to benefit from choice agenda far more than working class groups. Middle class groups have higher income which allows them to purchase houses near good-quality medical providers. In addition middle classes have access to information and money that drive them to travel further in order to have access to the best services. Do patients what choice? Patients tend to like the idea of a good local medical provider (both primary and secondary providers) rather than travelling longer distances to have their treatment.

Roel of Violence in Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland :: Abbott Flatland Essays

Roel of Violence in Flatland      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some people turn to violence when something does not go  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     their way, or someone says something they do not agree with. It  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     does not take brains to solve a problem with your fists; it just makes   people look immature, and uneducated. Fighting and violence is  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     more prevalent at Bloomsburg than in many of the students home  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     towns. It seems that people are to busy or to drunk to just sit down   and talk things out like reasonable people.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence plays a major roll in the novel Flatland.   It seems like someone is always disagreeing with someone, and creating a   conflict, as when the square resorts to violence by sending his  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     hardest right angle into a violent collision with the stranger, only   because the square would not let himself be convinced of the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     mysteries of Spaceland, or if an infant whose angle deviates by half a   degree from the correct angularity is summarily destroyed at birth.   If we destroyed all the mentally retarded people at birth because  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     they have flaws, and are not like everybody else, or if everyone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     attacked people just because of something they said that we did not   believe--if this happened all the time, we would completely destroy   the world.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The college scene is really horrible when it comes to violence.   Members of fraternities and sororities are terrible at staying calm,   and controlling their temper, because of alcohol, and other drugs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When a person drinks he becomes this monster of violence, a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     fighting machine. People lose all senses of right and wrong when  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     they have the beer muscles on. A slight bump of the arm at a party  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     can trip the switch of a drunk, violent person. Even the weakest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     person can experience this amazing feeling of power if she drinks  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     excessive amounts of alcohol. In small towns about the only  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     violence there is to see is in the bars, and taverns. Usually it is the   uneducated, lower-class people just blowing off a little steam. Life   in a small town is for the most part simple.