Narcissism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay example -- Milton Para

Narcissism in John Miltons Paradise Lost When even eats the forbidden fruit of the shoetree of Knowledge, her decision to tell tour of her disobedience turns on two suppositions. If her transgression is kept secret from God, Eves augmented acquaintance might increase flings love for her, and mayhap cause her to be more equal or even superior to Adam. Even though Eve was created comparable to Adam as his helper, she refers to Adam as her Author and Disposer. Furthermore, she says that while God is Adams law, Adam is her law. Apparently, Eve chafes under this arrangement, as she wraps up her evaluation of not telling Adam of her sin with, for inferior who is needy? However, her death is assured if God has seen her wrongdoing. In this alternative, God may provide Adam with another woman, rendering Eve extinct. Eve finds unendurable the possibility that Adam will father children with a new Eve. Eves consideration of either alternative depends on her narcissism and her need to be lov ed, even worshiped. Miltons Eve, like Narcissus, is infatuated with herself. Created in Adams image, Eve draws Adams love, his narcissism projected onto Eve. Inexperienced with womens wiles, uxorious Adam falls. Having created Adam in his own image, the Lord God commanded Adam not to eat of the tree diagram of Knowledge of good and evil. After the Lord God created Eve from Adams rib, Miltons Adam warns Eve that the consequence of eating the trees forbidden fruit will be the knowledge of death. From the Bible and Miltons text, it is apparent that Eve hears directly only from Adam about the forbidden fruit. It is significant that God sends Raphael to converse with Adam, to warn him of the fall of Satan and his companions, and to jaunty Adam to the ... ...rcissism engenders the desire to be worshipped as a Goddess. Wanting deity for both, Eve chooses to induce Adam to eat because she is resolved that Adam shall look at her fate. Eves female charms seduce Adam. He desires Eve more th an he loves God, and he eats freely of the fruit. Adam and Eves ardour, once based on mutual respect, turns to animal(prenominal) lust. Gods Son berates Adam for subjecting himself to Eves will. Why did Adam obey Eve, who is in no way superior to Adam in reason and other faculties of the mind? Adam has sinned against God Eve has sinned against God and Adam. Only when Mary of the seed of Adam and Eve conceives the Son of God does God extend his grace to mankind, permitting narcissistic Eve and uxorious Adams progeny to enter heaven. Works Cited and Consulted Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. New York Odyssey Press, 1962.

Cause and Effect Essay - The True Cause of School Shootings

Most of us learned when we were very young that we should non judge by appearances. But, in the aftermath of massacres in schools everywhere, a sane person has to take seriously what the material world shows - and pass judgment. After all, a lack of judgment and subsequent action may lead to further youth violence. This event has been thoroughly dissected by a whole bevy of politicians and pundits over a period of some months. But they have, unfortunately, failed to reach the heart of the matter. For the heart of the matter is theological, a category that does not often appear in American public discourse. Instead, we hear talk about psychology, community, exclusion - the narrow, modern litany of cause and effect. David Mandel, a psychologist who has studied the Goth subculture - one of the causes being invoked - wrote last year, It is not sinister, but tongue in cheek. And he continued People who are really into it use it to construct meaning in their lives. . . . They really fin d witness in the dark things much the way others find beauty in bright, happy things (Mandel...

What Ethical Responsibility Does the United States Have to Provide Heal

The subject of flagitious immigration couple with the concern of the growing come up of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a long standing national debate. A single finite definition of the consideration illegal immigrant has proven difficult to specify. For the purposes of this paper, I give use the term undocumented immigrant defined as an individual who has entered the United States illegally or go against the terms of their residency status (Chan, Scott, Krishel, Bramwell, and Clark, 2006). Over the historic period there has been a growing debate as to whether or not the United States should provide wellness economic aid run to undocumented immigrants. Those siding against providing wellness care services for undocumented immigrants deem that those individuals which reside in the United Stated illegally have got no right to be in the rustic accordingly they should not have a rightful claim to health care benefits. Those on the contend si de arguing for the proposition of providing healthcare services to these undocumented individuals consider that access to health care is a basic human right therefore the United States cannot ethically deny undocumented immigrants health care services. The question at large is what ethical responsibility does the United States have to provide health care to undocumented immigrants, if any? Case needHuman Migration is not uncommon and dates back to the beginning of human existence. Over the years, individuals have migrated for various reasons, close linked to sparing, political and natural factors. A number of individuals will depart, or emigrate, from their initial location to another location that promises opportunity or improved economic or social prospects for themselves or... ...earson.Mohanty, S. A., Wollhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Pati, S., Carrasquillo, O., & Bor, D. H. (2005). Health care expenditures of immigrants in the United States A nationally representati ve analysis. In American Journal of Public Health, 95(8), 1431-1438. Okie, S. (2007). Immigrants and health care at the intersection of two broken systems. In The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(6), 525-529. Retrieved from http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp078113Rhodes, J. (2005, August). Mentoring immigrant youth. In Mentor National Mentoring Partnership. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from http//www.mentoring.org/downloads/mentoring_1318.pdfWolf, R. (2008, January 22). Rising health care sosts put focus on illegal immigrants. In USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-21-immigrant-healthcare_N.htm What Ethical Responsibility Does the United States Have to Provide Heal The subject of illegal immigration coupled with the concern of the growing number of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a long standing national debate. A single finite definition of the term illegal immigrant has proven diffic ult to specify. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the term undocumented immigrant defined as an individual who has entered the United States illegally or violated the terms of their residency status (Chan, Scott, Krishel, Bramwell, and Clark, 2006). Over the years there has been a growing debate as to whether or not the United States should provide health care services to undocumented immigrants. Those siding against providing health care services for undocumented immigrants deem that those individuals which reside in the United Stated illegally have no right to be in the country therefore they should not have a rightful claim to health care benefits. Those on the opposing side arguing for the proposition of providing healthcare services to these undocumented individuals consider that access to health care is a basic human right therefore the United States cannot ethically deny undocumented immigrants health care services. The question at large is what ethical respons ibility does the United States have to provide health care to undocumented immigrants, if any? Case StudyHuman Migration is not uncommon and dates back to the beginning of human existence. Over the years, individuals have migrated for various reasons, most linked to economic, political and natural factors. A number of individuals will depart, or emigrate, from their initial location to another location that promises opportunity or improved economic or social prospects for themselves or... ...earson.Mohanty, S. A., Wollhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Pati, S., Carrasquillo, O., & Bor, D. H. (2005). Health care expenditures of immigrants in the United States A nationally representative analysis. In American Journal of Public Health, 95(8), 1431-1438. Okie, S. (2007). Immigrants and health care at the intersection of two broken systems. In The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(6), 525-529. Retrieved from http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp078113Rhodes, J. (2005, August). Mentoring immigrant youth. In Mentor National Mentoring Partnership. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from http//www.mentoring.org/downloads/mentoring_1318.pdfWolf, R. (2008, January 22). Rising health care sosts put focus on illegal immigrants. In USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-21-immigrant-healthcare_N.htm

The Causes Of World War I :: essays research papers

The first world struggle had many causes, the historiansprobably have not yet discovered and discussed all of themso on that point might be more causes than what we know now. Inthis essay I would discuss the main causes of the wartheones that were discussed in the textbook. In the time beforethe wars outbreak (before 1914in the beginning of the speed of light) the world was separated into braggart(a) empires that hadcolonies around the world (European countries ruled most ofAfrica). There were fights and disagreements between themajor empires. Usually, when in that respect are many argumentsbetween countries, people start fear of war and prepare forit (for example, today in Israel, after Benjamin Netanyahuwinning the elections, Israels indemnity towards the Arabs andthe Palestinians have changed. There is fear from war withSyria, because of threats from both sides, so both countriesarm themselves and ready for war, just in case it wouldbreak). In the beginning of the century B ritain was the largestempire in the world, it also had the largest navy. The navywas so big and strong because the Britons needed to protecttheir empire and maintain the sea routes between thedifferent colonies. The Kaiser William II of Germany hatedand envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. Heincreased the German navy and built many warships. Britainresponded with building more ships and increasing its navytoo. This started a line of achievement for building more and betterwarships and it created tension and competition betweenthose two countries. Germany and France were rivals forcenturies and at the beginning of the century and at the endof the 19th century the competition increased. This happenedbecause of the war between those two countries in 1870-71when Germany defeated France. Germany took over theareas of Alsace and Lorraine and the French people wantedto revenge Germany and retrieve those lands. France couldnot start a war against Germany since Germany had m oreresources and a stronger army than France. France neededallies to help it fight (the subject of alliances would bediscussed later). There was another quarrel between Franceand Germanyabout commanding Morocco. In 1905 Francethought that it should have more influence in the westernMediterranean Sea area as it already controlled Tunisia andAlgeria, it wanted Morocco too. The Kaiser of Germanyvisited Tangier (a big city in Morocco) and said thatGermany would protect Morocco in case of a Frenchattack. In 1911 France increased its control over Moroccoand Germany sent a warship. The Germans withdrew at lastbut the French gave them a part of Western Africa inexchange.

Induced Molting of Layer Birds Essay -- Animals Papers

bring on slough of Layer BirdsInduced molting of layer birds is a practice done for economical benefits. These birds ar put under great stress, which should not be allowed. Further studies of humane induce molting techniques should be done to replace those that are currently employ and inhumane. In nature birds undergo natural molting. During a year birds will replace all of their feather to maintain a good plumage, this usually occurs at the beginning of winter when birds do not have chicks. They can concentrate their energies to stay warm and to grow new feathers. (Animal Protection Institute, 1998) However, there also is induced molting, which is done by human influence. The later is practiced by 60% - 70% of the layer industry, so that a second cycle of laying flocks is achieved. (Macri et al., 1998)Induced molting occurs when the birds organism is stressed by some source that alters their environment. The most common are lack of food and water, decrease of light, a nd alternate in diet. Food withdrawal can be up to 10 days and of water up to 2 days. The change in diet usually is a low calcium, or low sodium and also feeding a diet high in dietary zinc. All of these methods can be done separately or in any combination with each other. (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998).At the end of every laying cycle, screwball quality and production are decreased. This is when induced molting is imposed to give a rest to the birds. After the rest period egg quality and production are increased when compared to the pre-molting period. at that place are several improvements to the egg at the post-molt period there is a better egg size, shell quality, internal egg quality and rate of egg production. (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998)... ...on Caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. Tektran, United States Department of Agriculture, Agrucultural Research Service (12/18/1998). Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http//www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000007/07/0000070701.htmlPoul try.org, a Farm Sanctuary Campaign. Forced Molting of Laying Birds Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http//www.poultry.org/molting.htmRuszler, Paul L. The Keys to Successful Induced Molting of Leghorn-type Hens Extension Poultry Scientist, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia State Univerty. outlet Number 408-026, January 1997. Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/408-026/408-026.htmlTOCSummer/Fall 1998 Poultry Press Balancing Economics and Evil Induced Molting. Last visited on 09/22/2001 at http//www.upc-online.org/summer98/molting_econ_and_evil.htmltop

American History X Essay -- essays research papers

Theory Assignment on American Hi flooring XThis movie tells the story of a young man, from Southern California, that is the product of several unfortunate incidents, and his misguided search trying to answer the question why his life is the way it is. I. Daniel appe atomic number 18d to be dealing with the adolescent stage. Daniel seems to have authentic his sense of self worth by mimicking his older brother. Daniels significant relationships, since his brothers incarceration has been derricks old friends (the skin head group). The dig in the principles office shows that Daniel is trying to live up to what he believes are his older brothers ideals, which he believes are sideline in the foot steps of Nazis. Hate anyone that is not white and protestant. His own self image is one of an up and coming skin head so he believes his identity is that of a racially intolerant neo-Nazi. Daniels search for that identity terminates when Derrick tells him about the experience of his prison tim e. This scene played out after Derrick confronted Conner at the skin head party and had to flee from his former admirers because he beat up their leader. Daniel followed Derrick and questioned him as to why he was behaving like a spade lover. Daniels since of loyalty was shaken, and the explanation Derrick gave appeared to have turned Daniels beliefs around.Stacey is derricks girl friend at the beginning of the film. Staceys conscious and sexual identity seems to have been developed somewhat askew to the norms of middle class America, but she shows her comfort in her self during the dinner scene where the school teacher is discussing oppression of minorities with Derrick. Stacy voices an opinion that states blacks and Hispanics are a bane on society. She is a yes man to all of Derricks opinions, and during the same scene she shows her sexuality when she sensuously caresses Derrick after the altercation with Derricks family and his fuck offs date. This scene showed that Staceys rol e models were other racist, and her beliefs were based on the rhetoric that is espoused at hate monger meetings. Staceys young adult stage is shown when she refuses to heed to Derrick during the skin head party scene. She had completely immersed herself in the Derrick persona. The idea of what she perceived Derrick would be like when he returned from prison. Stacey told Derrick, during the party scene t... ...s that Daniel took the same psychological mount up as Derrick. The other characters remained at on a level psychological playing field. The skin heads may have become more radical, but that appeared to be because of the strength in numbers. The social view of aging in the film seemed to encompass the hatred of the time between two factions in a corporation in flux.The the presentation of community leaders trying to heal the community, the police captain and principal bob trying to enlist Derrick to help quell the potential uprising in the final scenes, also showed some socia l aging. 17. The roles of men in the film were depicted at the beginning by Derrick and his father as dominant figures in their household. Principal Bob was another strong male figure. The main female characters differed only in that Stacy seemed to bedcome independent of Derrick at the end of the film. Derricks mother and sister seemed to be typical obedient females. Derricks mom Derricks mom was just a housewife, and when her husband died Derrick filled the head of household role. Derricks oldest sister remained a free-handed democrat throughout the movie, but showed no real interest in taking charge of her life.

American History X Essay -- essays research papers

Theory Assignment on American History XThis movie tells the story of a schoolgirlish man, from Southern California, that is the product of several unfortunate incidents, and his misguided search trying to answer the question why his life is the way it is. I. Daniel appeared to be dealing with the teenaged stage. Daniel seems to have developed his sense of self worth by mimicking his older br otherwise. Daniels significant relationships, since his brothers incarceration has been derricks old friends (the shin forefront group). The scene in the teachings office shows that Daniel is trying to live up to what he believes are his older brothers ideals, which he believes are following in the butt steps of Nazis. Hate anyone that is not white and protestant. His own self image is one of an up and coming skin head so he believes his identity element is that of a racially intolerant neo-Nazi. Daniels search for that identity terminates when Derrick tells him about the experience of hi s prison time. This scene played out after Derrick confronted Conner at the skin head party and had to flee from his former admirers because he beat up their leader. Daniel followed Derrick and questioned him as to why he was behaving like a Nigger lover. Daniels since of loyalty was shaken, and the commentary Derrick gave appeared to have turned Daniels beliefs around.Stacey is derricks girl friend at the beginning of the film. Staceys conscious and sexual identity seems to have been developed somewhat crooked to the norms of middle class America, but she shows her comfort in her self during the dinner scene where the school teacher is discussing oppression of minorities with Derrick. Stacy voices an opinion that states blacks and Hispanics are a swearing on society. She is a yes man to all of Derricks opinions, and during the same scene she shows her sexuality when she sensuously caresses Derrick after the altercation with Derricks family and his mothers date. This scene showed that Staceys role models were other racist, and her beliefs were based on the rhetoric that is espoused at hate monger meetings. Staceys young adult stage is shown when she refuses to listen to Derrick during the skin head party scene. She had completely immersed herself in the Derrick persona. The idea of what she perceived Derrick would be like when he returned from prison. Stacey told Derrick, during the party scene t... ...s that Daniel took the same psychological ride as Derrick. The other characters remained at on a level psychological playing field. The skin heads may have become more radical, but that appeared to be because of the strength in numbers. The social view of aging in the film seemed to encompass the hatred of the time between two factions in a community in flux.The the origination of community leaders trying to heal the community, the police captain and principal bob trying to enlist Derrick to help quell the possible uprising in the final scenes, also showed some social aging. 17. The roles of men in the film were depicted at the beginning by Derrick and his father as dominant figures in their household. Principal Bob was another strong male figure. The main female characters differed only in that Stacy seemed to bedcome independent of Derrick at the end of the film. Derricks mother and sister seemed to be typical obedient females. Derricks mom Derricks mom was just a housewife, and when her husband died Derrick filled the head of household role. Derricks oldest sister remained a liberal democrat end-to-end the movie, but showed no real interest in taking charge of her life.

Human Resource Management in Business Essay

Hand out date 1st June Hand in date 15th JuneP5 explain how employee feat is measured and comedM3 explain how the results from quantity and managing instruction execution inform employee developmentD2 assess the importance of measuring and managing employee performance at work.For your final task in your new role as recruitment adviser of Daves Management you have been asked to investigate and write a report on how different organisations measures and manages the performance of their employees. They would also like you to explain how the results from measuring and measuring performance help with employee development. To conclude the report they would like you to assess the importance of measuring and managing employee performance at work Further GuidanceMeasuring performancePerformance indicators (achievement against targets)Goal theorySMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound)Targets eg sales targets, growth targets, financial targets, waiting times, pass rates, punctuality, attendanceBenchmarkingManaging performanceprobationappraisalsupporting employees eg mentoring, monitoring, buddyingoccupational wellnessmanaging workloadsdelegating authorityresponsibilitycapacity competenceautonomylinking rewards to performancedisciplineemployee development (training, learning, job rotation, accelerated promotion, personal, professional)To achieve a PASSYou provide need to appreciate that the maximum contribution is required from each employee at work.Jobs often have specific performance criteria associated with them, so sales staff whitethorn have to generate 50,000 of sales per month. This may be beca character there is a business objective showing a sales target of 6 cardinal for a sales team of 10 people.Individuals need to be monitored to ensure they are working effectively and meeting targets and standards set for them. Both above par and below par performance must be managed.To achieve a MERITYou must be able to identify suitable perfo rmance indicators to use with individual employees and show how the individuals performance can be improved through the use of performance management.Experienced teachers may be judged on examination pass rates and might be used for them passing through a pay threshold may be the reward.Chefs may be judged on good reviews, gaining Michelin stars or the gross profit margin of dishes and maybe used as a way of deciding whether they will gain a pay rise.Not all employees are judged in the same ways as, so different performance indicators are used to manage them.Attending a course maybe needed to remedy poor performance.Employees may have good punctuality and attendance monitored as these are basic requisites for working satisfactorily for a majority of occupations.To achieve a DISTINCTIONYou must make judgements about the value of monitoring and managing employees. The benefits of performance management should be contrasted with the consequences of failing to manage performance.

Software Piracy Problem

Software piracy is a rising problem not only in the join States, besides around the world. In 1993 worldwide bundle piracy cost 12. 5 billion dollars to the software industry, with a loss of 2. 2 billion dollars in the United States al whizz. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U. S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracy losses occurred outback(a) of the United States borders.The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States were obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in merged settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate deem of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and than load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or go bad software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer.Many software managers are pertain with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. In 1974, relative created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing secure fair plays and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs.CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt that copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade abstruse and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software A ct, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in reading the Act.In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the users right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) amend in a tangible form is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author.Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a federal court to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the progr am.

Difficult Professional Situation

In my professional life, I have encountered a lot of thorny situations but one focusing or another I find a way to get over it. Problems hound every institution and the skills of the employees and how these employees handle difficult situations reflect how a company recovers from such problems. I am proud to say that I can consider myself as one of these good employees who can handle difficult situations.One of the most difficult situations I have faced in my immaculate career was when I worked at Freddie Mac during all of the restatements. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was just utilize at the time and I was in a team assigned to implement control processes required by the act. As my team was working, we noticed that umpteen of the managers would not take the changes seriously. They perceive that it is not as important as their other tasks.Having seen this problem, I suggested that we make the process more appealing. Incentives were put in built in bed so that the different teams will start to take the process more seriously. After some time, the tasks became second nature to all the employees. As a result, the entire firm took note of our success and we were given due recognition for our efforts. Others departments within the company also took note of our success and decided to implement the same to discover the right processes are observed.

Common Sentence Error

Common Sentence-level Errors The Run-On, The Comma Splice, The Fragment RUN-ON A support or fused sentence is two independent clauses that are not separated by any punctuation. Run-on Wearing a seatbelt is not honorable a good idea its the law. Revision Wearing a seatbelt is not sightly a good idea its the law. Even if one or some(prenominal) of the fused sentences contain internal punctuation, the sentence is still a run-on. COMMA SPLICE A comma splice is the unjustifiable use of only a comma to combine two separate sentences. One should use either a period, a semicolon, or a coordinate conjunction and a comma to separate the two statements. ) Comma splice Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea, its the law. Revision Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea its the law. =========================================== Both run-on sentences and comma splices whitethorn be corrected in any of the following ways Run-on Tevon won the award he had the highest score. Comma splice Tevon won the award, he had the highest score. 1. Separate the sentences with a period. Tevon won the award. He had the highest score. 2. Separate the sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so). o Tevon won the award, for he had the highest score. 3. Separate the sentences with a semicolon. o Tevon won the award he had the highest score. If a conjunctive adverb like therefore, however, then, or wherefore separates the two sentences, use a semicolon also. o I was unwilling to testify however, I did it anyway. 4. Separate the sentences with a subordinating conjunction such as although, because, since, or if. Tevon won the award because he had the highest score. Page 2 SENTENCE FRAGMENT A fragment is an incomplete construction which may or may not have a subject and a verb. Specifically, a fragment is a group of words pretending to be a sentence. That group of words may be A phrase A dependent Clause Fragment calling was stalled for ten miles on the freeway. Because repairs were being made on potholes. Revision Traffic was stalled for ten miles on the freeway because repairs were being made on potholes. Fragment It was an excellent movie one that was nominate for an Oscar. Fragment It was an excellent movie. One that was nominated for an Oscar. Revision It was an excellent movie, one that was nominated for an Oscar. - Fragment Prospectors invaded the freshly discovered territory. Some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in to a great extent laden canoes.Fragment Prospectors invaded the newly discovered territory some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in heavily laden canoes. Revision Prospectors invaded the newly discovered territory, some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in heavily laden canoes. NOTE The above explanations coincide very sound with Bedfords explanations in Chapters 19 and 20. Please use this handout along with the above chapters in your Bedford Handbook as guides in study ing for the quizzes and in eliminating fragments, run-ons, and comma splices from your sentences.

History of Cocaine

One of the most widely used illegal doses in the United States is coca plantine, and like many other drugs, it comes from a plant that has been used for thousands of eld in other parts of the world. Cocaine comes from the coca leaf, a plant that has a long history in spiritual rituals. It used to be that in the Andean Indian culture, the coca plant was linked to a sacred goddess. These cultures believed that they had to please the coca goddess in order to have a successful harvest.The leaves of the coca plant were chewed or smoked to help these natives connect with spiritual beings, as well as provide magical protection and powers. Coca leaves were chewed only by the leaders or royalty. Over time lower classes were encouraged to chew the leaves to experience the benefits. Over the course of the next several years the Ameri gutter bulk became more and more aware of the dangers of cocain. As this problem got eventually so bad it came to no choice but to ban the social use of cocain e. This human race pressure forced Pemberton to remove cocaine from Coca Cola in 1903.Eventually the public pressure became so great as to place a depicted object prohibition on cocaine and in 1920 cocaine was added to the list of narcotics to be outlawed by the passing of The Dangerous Drug Act of 1920. Unfortunately with other drugs like heroin, the dangers of cocaine abuse were recognized by law makers after the fact. The market for cocaine had already been established into American history and culture and is with us today. Cocaine has had a rocky history in the United States. There has been much controversy around the connection between the United States government and cocaine dealers.There have been articles and books written about the CIA working with cocaine dealers to help win the war on communism. Others argue that the aggressive role the U. S. government played in banning the drug actually led to the smuggling of it into our country. In fact, it was the negative side ef fects of cocaine use that was responsible for the phrase, dope fiend. This came about because of the behavior of a person abusing cocaine for prolonged periods of time. Because cocaine is such a powerful stimulant, prolonged daily use of the drug creates severe remainder deprivation and loss of appetite.A person might go days or sometimes weeks without sleeping or eating properly. The user often experiences psychotic behavior. approach down from the drug causes a state of depression for the person in withdrawal. This person can then become so desperate for more of the drug that they will do just about anything to get more of it, including murder. If the drug is not readily available the depression experience in withdrawal can become so great the user will sometimes become suicidal. It is because of this effect on the user that the word fiend became associated with cocaine addiction.

Born to Be Story Teller

Short summary dungaree Francois takes the blame for a crime he did non range after a change in his life has made him a respected trades macrocosm. He has through this to save a naive rustic from his repair fate as an habitual criminal prior to his reformation. He willingly substitutes for the real thief because he can survive a life in jail and his young rustic friend would be spared a life of in-jail and out. Jean Francois has saved his young friend from a life like his. Shows how at a time labeled a criminal in the eyes of the law iodin remains a criminal in the eyes of the law, for the rest of ones life.MAIN STORY HEwas scarcely ten years old when he was arrested for the first time for vagabondage. This is what he said to the judges My name is Jean Francois Leturc, and for the give way six months Ive been with the man who sings between two lanterns on the Place de la Bastille, scraping on abit of catgut. I say the choir with him, and then I cry out, Ask for the new song bo ok, ten centimes, two sous He was always drunk, and he shinny me. Thats how the law pitch me the other night, in these ruined rears. Before that, I used to be with the man who copes brushes.My mother was a washer charr her name is Adele. A gentleman had square off her up on a ground floor, at Montmartre, long ago. She was a true worker and very fond of me. She made money because she had the custom of the coffee shop waiters, and they need lots of linen. sunlights, she come in me to bed early to go to the b in all but week sidereal days, she sent me to the Brothers school, where I intentional to read. Well, at last the policeman whose beat was up our street used to stop before her window to talk to her, a bulky man, with the Crimean medal. They got married, and all went wrong.He similarlyk a dislike to me, and set mamma over against me. Everybody had a slap for me and it was then that to get away I spent my days on the Place Clichy, where I got acquainted with the moun tebanks. My stepfather deep in thought(p) his job, mamma lost her customers, and so she went to the wash sept to support her husband. It was in that respect she got consumption, from the dampness. She died at Lariboisiere. She was a good woman. Since then Ive lived with the brush seller and the catgut scraper. Am I going to be put in prison? He talked this way unbuttonedly, cynically, like a man.He was a ragged inadequate rascal, as tall as a top boot, with his eyebrow hidden under a strange yellow mop of whisker. Nobody claiming him, they sent him to the reform school. Not intelligent, lazy, especially clumsy with his hand, he could learn there only a poor trade, to reseat straw chairs. so far he was obedient, naturally quiet and taciturn and he did not seem to be excessively profoundly corrupted by that school of vice. But when he was sevensometeen, and set free in the streets of capital of France, he found there, for his misfortune, his prison comrades, wretched creatu res, plying the lowest callings.Some were trainers of dogs for rat-catching in the sewers both(prenominal) shined shoes in the Passage de lOpera, on the nights when there were balls some were amateur wrestlers, letting themselves be thrown by the Hercules of the side shows some used to fish from rafts out in the river. He tried one of these things and another and a few months after he had left the house of correction, he was arrested again for a petty theft, a pair of old shoes picked from out an open show window. Result a year of handcuffs at Sainte-Pelagie, where he served as valet to the political prisoners.He lived, astonished, among this group of prisoners, all very young and carelessly dressed, who talked loudly and carried themselves in such a businesslike way. They used to meet in the cell of the eldest of them, a fellow of thirty locked up for a long time already and as though settled at Sainte-Pelagie, a big cell, papered with colored caricatures, out of whose windows c ould be seen the whole of Paris, its roofs, its steeples, its domes, and far off, the distant line of the hills, blue and vague against the sky.On the walls there were a few shelves filled with books and all the old apparatus of a fencing school, stony-broken masks, rusty foils, leather jackets and gloves with thestuffing one-half out. It was there that the political prisoners had dinner together, adding to the inevitable soup and beef, fruit, cheese, and quarts of wine that Jean Francois was sent to buy at the canteen, tumultuous repasts, interrupted by violent disputes, and with songs sung in chorus at the dessert, the Carmagnole and Ca ira. But they overlyk on an air of dignity the days when they made room for a newcomer, who was at first solemnly greeted as citizen, but who was the succeeding(a) day called by his nickname. They made use of big newsworthinesss, Corporation, Solidarity, and phrases quite unintelligible to Jean Francois, such as this for face, that he once he ar uttered imperiously by a hideous little hunchback who spent his nights scribbling Then its settled.The cabinet is to be composed of Raymond in the Department of Education, Martial in the Interior, and I in Foreign Affairs. When his time was up, he wandered again about Paris, with the eye of the police on him, much like the cockchafers that cruel children keep nimble tied to a string. He had become one of those fugitive and timid beings whom the law, with a coquetry of its own, arrests and releases, turn and turn about, a little like those Platonic fishermen who throw back into the water the fish just out of the net so as not to empty the pond.Without his suspecting that so much honor was done to so feeble a personality, he had a special docket in the mysterious archives of police headquarters his name and surnames were written in a large backhand on the gray paper of the cover, and the notes and reports, carefully classified, gave him these graduated appellations theman named Le turc, the accused Leturc, and finally, the convicted Leturc. He stayed out of prison two years, ingest as best he could, sleeping in lodging houses, or sometimes in kilns, and taking part with his fellows in endless games of pitch and toss, on the Boulevards, out near the gates.He wore a greasy cap on the back of his head, carpet slippers, and a short white blouse. When he had five sous, he had his hair curled. He danced at Constants at Montparnasse for two sous he bought the knave of hearts or the ace of spades, used as return checks, to sell them again for four sous at the entrance to Bobino he opened carriage accesss when the chance came he led broken-down horses to the market. He always had bad luck, in the conscription he drew a good number.Who knows whether the atmosphere of honor which is breathed in the barracks, whether military discipline, might not make water saved him? Caught in a haul, with a lot of vagabonds who used to rob the drunkards asleep in the streets, he de nied energetically having taken part in their expeditions. Perhaps it was true. But his antecedents were authoritative as proof, and he was sent up for three years to Poissy. There he had to make rough toys he had himself tattooed on the chest and he in condition(p) thieves slang and the penal code.Another release, another plunge into the Parisian sewer, but this time very short, for at the end of scarce six weeks, he was again compromised in a theft by night, aggravated by violence, a doubtful case in which he played an obscure part, half dupe and half receiver. At the end his complicity seemed evident, and he was condemned to five years hard labor. His sorrow in this adventure was to be separated from an old dog that he had picked up on a pile of rubbish and cured of the mange. This beast loved him.Toulon, the ball on his ankle, work in the harbor, blows, wooden shoes without straw, soup of inexorable beans dating from Trafalgar, no money for tobacco, and the horrible sleep on the filthy iron bed of the convict, that is what he knew for five horrid summers and five winters with the whistling wind. He came out stunned, and was sent under surveillance to Vernon, where he worked for a while on the river and then, incorrigible vagabond as he was, he broke spring and came back again to Paris.He had his savings, fifty-six francs that is to say, time to reflect. During his long absence his old, horrible comrades had been scattered. He was well hidden he slept in an attic, at an old womans, to whom he had given himself out as a sailor, weary of the sea, having lost his papers in a recent shipwreck, and wanting to try another trade. His suntanned face, his calloused custody, and a few sea phrases he let drop from time to time, made this tale fairly probable.One day when he had risked a saunter along the streets and when the chance of his walk brought him to Montmarte, where he had been born, an unexpected memory stopped him before the door of the Brothers scho ol, in which he had l pull in to read. As it was very warm, the door was open and with a single look the hesitating passer could recognize the schoolroom. Nothing was changed, not the crucifix over the desk, nor the regular rows of seats, with their leaden inkstands, nor the table of weights and measures, nor the subroutine on whichwere still the pins pointing out the operations of some old war.Heedlessly, and without reflecting, Jean Francois read on the blackboard these intelligence informations of Scripture, which a well-trained hand had traced as an example of handwriting Joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, who need no repentance. It must have been the hour for recreation, for the teaching Brother had left his chair, and sitting on the edge of a table, he seemed to be telling a myth to all the children who surrounded him, attentive and raising their eyes.What an innocent and gay expression was that of the beardl ess young man, in long black robe, with white cravat, with coarse, ugly shoes, and with chocolate-brown hair badly cut rising up at the back. All those pallid faces of children of the populace which were looking at him, seemed less infantine than his, especially when, charmed with a candid, priestly pleasantry, he broke out with a good and frank laugh, which showed his teeth sound and well-ordered, a laugh so contagious that all the scholars broke out noisily in their turn and it was simple and sweet, this group in the joyous sunlight that made the clear eyes and the blond hair shine.Jean Francois looked at it some time in silence, and, for the first time, in this savage nature, all instinct and appetite, there awoke a mysterious and sweet emotion. His heart, that rough and hardened heart, which did not start when the heavy cudgel or the weight of the whip fell on his shoulders, beat almost to oppression. Before this spectacle, in which he saw again his childhood, hiseyes closed so rrowfully, and restraining a violent gesture, he moved away with large strides. The words written on the blackboard came back to him. If it was not too late, after all? he murmured. If I could once more, like the others, eat my white bread honestly, sleep my sleep out with no nightmare? The police spy would be very clever to recognize me now. My beard, which I shaved down there, has grown again, thick and strong. A man can hide himself in this big ant-heap, and work is not lacking. Whoever does not break down soon in the hell of the prison, comes out agile and robust and I have learned how to climb ladders with a load on my back. There is building going on everywhere, and the masons need helpers. Three francs a day, I have never earned so much. If they will only forget me, that is all I ask. He followed his courageous resolutions he was faithful to it and three months later, he was another man. The master for whom he labored cited him as his best workman. After a long day passed on the ladder, in the full sun, in the dust, bending and straightening his back to take the stones from the hands of the man below him and to pass them to the man above him, he came home to get a meal at the cheap eating house, dead tired, his legs heavy, his hands burning, and his eyelashes stuck together by the plaster, but satisfied with himself, and carrying his well-earned money in the knot of his handkerchief.He went out now with no fear of anything, for his white mask made him unrecognizable and then he had observed that the suspicious glance of the policeman does not oftenfall on the real worker. He was silent and sober. He slept the good sleep of fatigue. He was free. At last, a supreme reward he had a friend. It was a mason like himself, called Savinien, a little peasant from Limoges, red-cheeked, having came to Paris with his bundle on the end of the stick over his shoulder, who kept away from the liquor dealers and went to mass on Sunday.Jean Francois liked him for his wh olesomeness, for his innocence, for his honesty for all that he himself had lost long ago. It was a deep passion, reserved, and betraying itself by the care and forethought of a father. Savinien, himself easy-going and selfish, let things take their course glad only that he had found a comrade who shared his horror of the saloon.The two friends lived together in a furnished room, fairly clean, but their means were very limited and they had to take in a third companion, an old man from Auvergne, somber and rapacious, who found a way of saving out of his meager wages to buy land at home. Jean Francois and Savinien scarcely ever left each other. The days of rest they went on long walks in the environs of Paris to dine in the open air in one of those little country inns where there are many mushrooms in the sauces and innocent enigmas on the bottoms of the plates.Jean Francois then had his friend tell him all the things, which are unknown to those born in cities. He learned the names of the trees, the flowers, the plants, the date of the different harvests he listened greedily to the thousand details of a farmers labors, the autumn sowing, the winter work, the splendid feasts of harvest home and vintage, the flails beating the floor, and thesound of the mills by the edge of the water, the tired horses led to the trough, and the morning catch in the mists, and above all, the long evenings around the fire, shortened by tales of marvel.He discovered in himself springs of an imagination hitherto unsuspected, finding a singular pleasure in the mere recital of these things, so sweet, calm, and monotonous. One fear troubled him, however, that Savinien might come to know his past. Sometimes there escaped him a shady word of slang, an ignoble gesture, survivals of his former horrible existence and then he felt the pain of a man whose old wounds open again, the more particularly as he then thought he saw in Savinien the awakening of an unhealthy curiosity.When the young m an, already tempted by the pleasures, which Paris offered even to the poorest, asked him about the mysteries of the smashing city, Jean Francois feigned ignorance and turned the conversation but he had then a vague doubt as to the future of his friend. This was not without foundation and Savinien could not long remain the innocent countryman he had been on his arrival in Paris. If the gross and noisy pleasures of the saloon were still repugnant to him, he was deeply troubled by other desires full of danger for the inexperience of his twenty years.When the spring came, he began to seek solitude, and he wandered at first before the mirthfully lighted entrance to the dancing halls, through which he saw the girls going in couples, without bonnets, and whispering with their weapons system around each other. Then one evening, when the lilacs were in bloom, and when the appeal of the music was more entrancing, he crossedthe threshold. And after that Jean Francois saw him change little b y little in his manners and in his looks. Savinien became more careful of his dress and he spent more often he borrowed from the poor savings of his friend, which he forgot to return.Jean Francois, feeling himself deserted, was both indulgent and covetous he suffered and kept silent. He believed he had no right to reproach, but his penetrating acquaintance had cruel and unconquerable forebodings. One night when he was raise the stairs of his lodging, absorbed in his preoccupations, he heard a dialogue of irritated voices in the room he was about to enter, and he recognized one as that of the old man from Auvergne, who shared the room with him and Savinien. An old habit of suspicion made him wait on the landing, and he listened to learn the cause of the trouble. Yes, the man from Auvergne was saying angrily, I am sure that somebody has broken open my trunk and stolen the three Louis which I had hidden in a little turning point and the man who did the trick can only be one of the two companions who sleep here, unless it is Maria, the servant. This is your business as much as mine, since you are the master of the house and I will hale you to court if you do not let me at once go through the valises of the two masons. My poor savings they were in their place only yesterday and I will tell you what the Louis were, so that, if you find them, you will not accuse me of lying.Oh, I know them, my three elegant currency pieces. One was a little more worn than the others, of a gold a little greener, and that had the portrait of the great Emperor another had that of afat old fellow with a pigtail and epaulets and the third had a Philip with side-whiskers I had marked it with my teeth. I am not to be cheated, not I. Do you know I need only two more to pay for my vineyard? Come, let us look through the duds of these two comrades, or I will call the police. Very well, said the voice of the man who kept the house. Well search with Maria. So much the worse if you find no thing and if the masons get angry. It will be because you forced me to it. Jean Francois had his heart filled with fear. He recalled the poverty of Savinien, the petty borrowings, the somber manner observed the last few days. Yet he did not want to believe in any theft. He heard the hard breathing of the man from Auvergne in the ardor of the search and he clenched his hands against his breast as though to repress the beatings of his heart. 28There they are suddenly screamed the miser, victorious. There they are, the Louis my dear treasure And in the Sunday waistcoat of that little hypocrite from Limoges. See there, boss They are just as I told you. Theres the Napoleon, and the man with the pigtail, and the Philip I had bitten. See the mark. Ah, the little rascal, with his air of innocence. I should more likely have suspected the other. Ah, the villain. He will have to go to prison At this moment Jean Francois heard the well-known step of Savinien, who was slowly coming upstairs. He will betray himself, he thought. Three flights. I have the time And pushing the door, and pale as death, he enteredthe room, where he saw the man who kept the house and the stupefied servant in a corner, and the man from Auvergne on his knees amid the scattered clothes, lovingly osculate his gold pieces. Enough of this, he said in a dull voice. It was I who took the money and put it in the comrades trunk. But that is too disgusting. I am a thief and not a Judas. Go get the police. I shall not run.Only I must say a word in private to Savinien, who is here. The little man from Limoges had in fact just arrived, and seeing his crime discovered and believing himself lost, he stood still, with his eyes fixed and his arms falling. Jean Francois sprang to his neck, as though to embrace him he glued his mouth to Saviniens ear, and said to him in a low and beseeching voice fuddle your tongue Then, turning to the othersLeave me solely with him. I shall not go away, I tell you. Shut us up, i f you like, but leave us alone together. And with a gesture of command, he showed them the door. They went out. Savinien, broken with anguish, had seated himself on a bed, and had dropped his eyes without understanding. Listen, said Jean Francois, who came to take his hands. I understand. You stole the three gold pieces to buy some trifle for a girl. That would have been worth six months of prison for you. But you do not get out of that except to go back again and you would have become a pillar of the police courts and criminal trials. I know all about them.I have done seven years in thereform school, one at Sainte-Pelagie, three at Poissy, and five at Toulon. Now, do not get scared. It is all settled. I have taken it on my shoulders. Poor fellow, cried Savinien but hope was coming back to his cowardly heart. When the elder brother is serving with the colors, the younger stays at home, Jean Francois went on. Im your substitute, that is all. You love me a little, do you not? I am p aid. Do not be a baby. You cannot refuse. They would have caught me one of these days, for I have broken my leave.And then, you see, that life out there will not be so hard for me as for you I know it, and shall not complain if I do not render you this service in vain and if you swear to me that you will not do it again. Savinien, I have loved you dearly, and your friendship has made me very happy, for it is thanks to my knowing you that I have kept honest and straight, as I might always have been, if I had had a father to put a tool in my hands, a mother to teach me my prayers. My only regret was that I was useless to you and that I was deceiving you about my past. To day I lay aside the mask in saving you.It is all right. Come, now, good-by Do not weep and embrace me, for I hear the big boots on the stairs. They are coming back with the police and we must not seem to know each other too well before these fellows. He hugged Savinien hurriedly to his breast, and then he pushed him away as the door opened wide. It was the man who kept the house and the man from Auvergne who were bringing the police. Jean Francois went out on the landing and held out his hands for the handcuffs and said, laughin Forward, bad lot To day he is at Cayenne, a prisoner for life, as incorrigible.

Cultural Change and Change Management Essay

count some of the complexities of cultural counter dislodge, and explain shy, in your tone, alter is so herculean to manage. Cultural vary takes family in institution when the current finale is not in accordance with the goals and objectives o the company or is not fulfilling the remove overs that have taken topographic point in the external and the internal environment of the system. The cultural change unremarkably involves a radical transformation of the policies and procedures in the origination as well as changes to the values, beliefs and norms that dwell between the divers(prenominal) people link up to the organization itself.In most cases when cultural change tales score it is a result of restructuring of the organization as well. The problems and complexities that are established by the process of cultural change in the organization pertain to the immense task of defining a peeled refinement for the people in the organization. Usually the old gardening is instilled in the members of the organization, as they have gotten used to operating according to the rules, policies, procedures and norms laid by the old culture, therefore when a cultural change has to take buns, all the members have to be informed and briefed about the specific changes taking place.The problems in the process of cultural change take place when the cultural change meets resistance from the people in the organization itself. Other complexities of cultural change let in defining the salient points of the old culture, establishing how the in the buff culture is different form the old culture, devising programs finished which the new culture chamberpot be taught to the people in the company and established as the norms in the organization. Additionally the strenuous process of cultural change and the time required form the cultural change to take place in an organization itself pose as complexities for the organization.Cultural change is often difficult and a very strenuous process as organizational cultures are formed for a reason. perhaps the current organizational culture matches the style and comfort z integrity of the company founder. goal frequently echoes the usual management style. (Heathfield, 2007) This as mentioned before is very difficult to change as people have to be taught all over again as to how top adjust to the new culture and what are the norms pictured by the new culture.Moreover the complex process of cultural change also has face inhuman retribution from the hesitant and resisting parties who cigaret openly initiate protests against the company. One thing that has to be kept in mind regarding the process of cultural change in organization is that cultural change is never realistic in a top down flow form of the hierarchy in the organization. The cultural is say to be derived and specifically for the people of the organization. This means that culture has to rise for the bottom to the top of the organization al structural.In this manner most of the complexities listed back tooth be avoided. 2. What happens when two companies merge? Does one culture dominates the other, or does a new culture emerge? Explain, and use causes. In most cases when two companies merge the two companies usually try to keep their organization cultures intact. However if the organization change that is taking place is the kind related to a merger then there is a high chance that despite the efforts of the organization to keep back their corporate cultures, a new culture emerges.This new culture shares the same values with the previous culture in the organizations and provides for the beliefs and norms that are present in both the organizations. However in case of an acquisition where one company takes over the other company by acquiring large number of shares in it or outright the company, in such cases the cultural change that takes place pertain to adoption of the culture that is present in the dominant or a cquiring organization.In this case the resistance against the cultural change is practically intense and stronger as people are usually opposed to the culture of the acquiring organization. However the crush policy that is suggested for managing cultural changes in organizations when a consolidation or a merger Is taking place is to develop and establish a new culture which is in accordance with the previous cultures in the organization and provides for the new organization structure as well by being cohesive in disposition and adapted to the operations and the environment of the organization.An example of cultural change coming about as a change in the organization structure exists in the case of Swiss Re Americas Division. The Swiss Re Americas Division provides a striking example of culture change and subsequent improved performance. In 2000, the breakdown scored in the lowest percentile for each of the four culture traits, and was running at a loss. future(a) a series of su bstantial changes, by 2002 the organization had improved its strategic mission, level of adaptability, degree of social function of its people, and its internal consistency. (Denison, 2007) The company is now a highly profitable entity which has been operating in a refine fashion due to is cultural change 3. Describe in your own words the Flux and faulting metaphor presented by Schein. Under what condition does this work best? Why? The organization exists in a flux which dejection stir transformation. This metaphor states that the organization is a stable entity in an unstable environment. As a result the organization can be effected by the changes that take place in the environment in a dramatic manner.However it can also be argues that the environment is not a separate entity form the organization, but actually a part of the organization itself. This is derived form the event that organizations are always operating and determining strategies which adapt to the changes that ta ke place in the environment. In point the environment established the sustainability of the organization. Schein used the metaphor of Flux and Transformation in the case of Multicom to demonstrate how the organization theory.According to Flux and Transformation Schein depicted that it is possible for comprehend the logic behind the change public lecture place in a company. Through the use of the metaphor the self image of the company can be said to derive the position it holds in the market and the understanding it forms of its environment. Schein was able to establish in his works that metaphor analysis can be used to identify the inherent culture in the organizations and the various components of the culture and the subcultures that need to change or can derive a change.Schien was also of the opinion that the results of the metaphor analysis could also be used to form perspectives for the organization change and the change in its culture. The flux and transition metaphor as a re sult suggests that it possible to influence change in an organization which can derive a transformation in the culture that exists in it. 4. When is culture change absolutely necessary for an organization? List at least three examples, and describe them.A change is in the cultural change is absolutely necessary when the culture is not in tune with the taste of the company and poses a hindrance in the achievement for the long term strategic goals and objectives of the company. The cultural change that takes place however can be a result of various factors. One of which is cultural change through the existence of a subculture. It is possible for a string subculture to exist in an organization which can derive the change in the currently existing culture in the organization.In cases where the subculture is more relevant to the strategy of the company, then it is possible for the subculture to emerge in the organization as the main culture which can be adopted by the organization. The other reason as to why change can perplex absolutely necessary for the organizations culture when a new technology is being adopted. The new technology adoption can bring about changes to the business activities and the way business operations can conducted in the business.This can affect the culture of the organization and the orientation of the organization, making it necessary to change the culture in order to correspond to the technology changes that are taking place in the organization. The third example where it can become necessary to change the culture of the organization is in the even of a merger, or a consolidation of the business the change in the business structure as well as the different business that are undertaken by the organization derive change for the culture in the organization.This is because the new organizations can bring their own cultures along with them and when the organization is working as a complete entity, it needfully to form a cohesive organizati on culture which can cater to all aspects of the organizational and its different business divisions. References Denison, D. , (2007), Is Your Companys Culture Helping Or Hindering Diagnosing company culture to build high performance, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http//64. 233. 183. 104/search?q=cacheAEFEY-xIEDIJwww. imd. ch/research/challenges/upload/Is_your_companys_culture_helping_or_hindering. pdf+%22example+of+culture+change%22+%22mergers%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=pk Heathfield, S. M. , (2007), How to Change Your Culture Organizational Culture Change, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http//humanresources. about. com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture_change. htm Morgan, G. , (2006), Images of Organization, Publisher Sage Publications Inc, ISBN-10 1412939798

Callaway Case Assignment Essay

Callaway Golf partnership (CGC) has maintained top commercialise share and superior golf equipment since 1982. In 1998, gross revenue began to fall and market saturation posed round strategy questions to the senior management of CGC. CGC is in need of a impudently strategic vision for the future. smith Marketing Consulting Group is recommending that CGC develop an online marketing campaign and a new putter line to shout out the need for continued growth and innovation. CGC enjoyed large market share and high profits from 1982 to 1998.Ely Callaway, CGCs founder, carry out this with his vision If we develop a truly more satisfying product for the average golfer, not the professionals, and make it pleasingly different from the competition, the company will be successful. Callaways early strategy from 1988-1997 include new club designs such as S2H2, Big Bertha, and titanium shafts high end values and a large work out for research and development (R&D). CGC was able to sell mor e units of equipment at the highest prices due to leading-edge technology. Callaway had a one price policy to all on and off course retailers.CGC also had a marketing plan that included endorsement of pro golfers television and magazine advertisements and training to retailers on point of sale knowledge. In late(a) years, the golf equipment exertion has forgathern an increase in competition with many new startups and saturation of products in the marketplace. The industry has also experienced a decrease in demand for high-end premium equipment and an increase in close-out programs. return life-cycles have become very short, with most companies introducing new products on a yearly basis and sales of products declining sharply after only devil years on retailer shelves.Golf equipment consumers tend to leverage new products on grape recommendations and the average consumer has a handicap of 18 and bargain fors new clubs every two to three years. Recommendations In order to compete in the golf equipment industry, CGC must develop new strategies to honour the company growing and moving forward. Smith Marketing Consulting Group is recommending that CGC establish an online alliance with consumers and retailers and develop groundbreaking putting equipment as a new strategy going forward.Although CGC has voiced reservation about using the Internet to sell products, the future for most retailers and manufacturers must include the Internet to stay successful. Based on short product lifecycles and high R&D budgets, CGC should capitalize on the efficiencies of the Internet to continually evoke innovative products and allow consumers access to these products in the shortest times possible. CGC maintains excellent recognition through word-of-mouth advertising and pro golfer endorsements.Although CGC is fearful of consumers not wanting to delay satisfaction to have products shipped, the decently marketing tool of word-of-mouth advertisement will allow CGC to capital ize with online retailing without consumers needing to physically see the products. CGC should consider a website that would allow the consumer to purchase equipment online, but the order would be picked up at local anesthetic retail store. This would maintain CGCs relationships with on and off course retailers, yet please consumers with the ease of shop from home.An online retail shop will allow CGC to increase market share, maintain superior products and commitment to innovation. Secondly, CGC should emphasis R&D on innovative putting products to compliment the CGC woods and irons. Putting equipment currently accounts for the net sales percentage at CGC, but studies show consumers are much more likely to purchase putters than any other club. Therefore, strengthening the CGC line of putters will increase sales and profits. Smith Marketing Consulting Company appreciates the opportunity to work with CGC and we strongly feel these recommended strategies will greatly benefit the comp any.

Joyce depicts Dublin as a place of death and paralysis Essay

Joyce sees capital of Ireland as being paralysed and dead he blesseds the British rule and the Cathoic Church for Dublins flawed and under the weather nation. Joyce sees Dublin as being full of untrustworthy peope. A lot of characters in his stories be not to be trusted for example Lennhen and Corley in The Two G anyants and the Peadophile in An Encounter. He matt-up purport in Dublin had many limitations and this frustrated him. Which is why he makes death and palsy really evident in the stories of The Dubliners, possibly to try to identify the cause of Dublins paralysis or to offer solutions. Joyce provides this theory through his use of characters, colours and decay.Charles Stewart Parnell an Irish MP who led the Irish parliamentary Party was campaining in the later 19th century to persuade the British parliament to allow Ireland to regulate itself (HomeRule.) After his death in 1891 the campaign for Home Rule was weakened severly. That resulted, in Irish g overnmental life was without clear direction throughout the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. The lack of semipolitical leadership is made app atomic number 18nt in the dubliners by the atmosphere of paralysis which pervades the stories. Ireland was, in the time that the Dubliners was wrote was governed by England.The British controlled Ireland very strongly and you stooge see the reference for this in the Two Gallants that Ireland was being prostituted by her English conquerors is an interpretation of the image of the harp being prideed heedlessy for strangers by her masters pass near the Kildare Street club. The image of an Irish harp with her clothes about her knees. Colonisation had brought about a state of sexual and moral degradation to Ireland. Joyce refers to priests, religous beliefs and spiritual experience appear throughout the stories in the dubliners and blusher an unflattering portrait of religion.In Eveline their is a reference to a photo of a priest whose yellowin g break down hung on the wall which is Joyces use of colour to show the decay of the catholic church in Ireland, Joyce shows us the Catholic Church as corrupt and he paints an unflattering portrait of religion. I am not writing about The Sisters save I felt it important to comment about be collar Flynn who goes mad in the confessional box, this the first appearnece of Religion and Joyce protrays it as a haunting but incompentant and dangerous fraction of Dublin life. The Strange man in An Encounter wears the same clothing as the priest in The Sisters, connecting his lascivous behaviour to the catholic church. The presence of religion suggests that religion traps Dubliners into thinking about their lives after death.Eveline, in the horizontal surface that shares her name, gives up her chance at love by choosing her familiar life over an unknowan adventure, even though her familiar routines are tinged with sadness and abuse. The circularity of these Dubliners lives effectively tr aps them, perventing them from being receptive to bran-new experineces and happines. Eveline has a hard life, caring for her father and family, her father is abusive, the loss of her mother has affected her and the rest of the family. Joyce in comparable manner tells us that her brother Ernest was also dead and her childhood friend Tizzie Dunn was also dead this is the first mentioning of death, we came crossways in the books that I deem read. Eveline also desires mail, hedge from the oppressive, paralysed atmosphere of the city of Dublin.The dusty dirty streets of Dublin.She is presented with the opporunity to consort. The escape comes from the offer to run away with a man named heart-to-heart, with the threat of violence in mind, Eveline agrees to be Franks wife in their home in Buenos Aire means Clean air. Eveline is trying to escape from Dublin, she is leving the dusty dirty streets of Dublin to go to a place with good clean air, but she tint actually leave. The dusty Cretanne and her wondering where did al the dust come from. The dust may stand for the decay of her homelife almost like she cant get rid of the dust, just like she cant escape her homelife.Evelines decission seems to be straight forward, an abrusive misserable life in Dublin or a new adventurous life in a distant with her boyfriend. However Eveline finds it impossible to leave.Eveline has lost the susceptibility to believe in and carry through her dream of hope, love and escape, this is due to the milieu that she is in .An environment of duty and responsbility and of course guilt for her promise to her dead mother. Her environment as turned her into a incapacitated animal, which we see at the end of the tarradiddle passive, like a helpless animal. Which tells the reader that her enviromnet has drained her of all her strength and fortitude. She has given up the fight for happiness and just resigned herself to live a life of misery.Eveline in this story is suffering greatly with paralysis, the way she freezes on the pier, she is emontionless Her eyes gave him no sign of love or farewell Joyce gives us the impression that Eveline has almost resigned herself to a life of her mothers with the only fit of a final lunacy awaiting her(quote from spark notes online). Eveline is helpless to move off the quayside, she cant pluck up the courage to leave, she remains trapped in her old life, caught in the paralysis of the city.Their is also a reference to religion in Eveline when we were told the priest is in Melbourne now Poeple were banished to Melbourne for commiting crimes so the priest may have been banished showing corruption in the cathoic church. It coud also be that The priest could have escaped from Dublin life, like Eveline was hoping to do.Mr throng Duffy the main character of a annoying case is an extermely organised man, he leads a solidary life and is content in doing so. Mr Duffy is also very pompous and self rightous, the evidence for this is durin g his time spent with Mrs Sincio, he is always trying to teach her about literature and music to better her. His relationship with Mrs Sinnco is a col to his orderly life, a function hev feels he cannot control and that he feels he has to end for fear of tilt to his life. Joyces use of colour in a painful case helps the reader to imangine Mr Duffys life. His hazelnut tree walking stick, the beer and biscuits he eats, a rotten orchard apple tree that is yellow and then browned (I feel that the apple is a symbolism of Mr Duffy decayed brown and rotten and unwanted.) , even Mr Duffys face is brown, the brown tinct of the Dublin streets. a symbol of a decaying Mr Duffy and a decaying Dublin.When Mrs Sinico and Mr Duffy start to meet up enjoying each others ships company reading, listening to music and talking, Mr Sinico pays no attention to the relationship forming between his wife and Mr Duffy He had dismissed his wife so sincerly from his gallery of pleasures that he did not su spect anyone else would take an interest in her. This showed the death of the Sinico marriage ceremony they were just co existing together. When Mrs Sinico advances her hand in intimacy to Duffy, but he retreats repulsed by her loser to understand, and he breaks off the relationship. When Mr Duffy is sitting in a cafe four years later and he finds the article called a painful case which is on buff glum paper (a yellowish brown.)exhibit the death of her character, Mr Duffy then began to feel guilt and wonder did his rejection of her four years ago result in her sucide? He automatically turns it around to feel juicy for himself, when really he should be feeling sorry for Mrs Sincio or her family. Joyce as we know from the picture of the priest in Eveline, uses the colour yellow for corruption and brown for death, meaning that she has died a corrupt and weak woman, Mr Duffy also shows digust in her behaviour and her death and digust that he allowed himself to get clost to such a w oman.Then he has a moment when he thinks of her in pity, pity for her loniness, however because of his selfcentred nature he starts to think of his own loniness and realises that he is not content with his hermitic lifestyle to which he has become accustomed to. We know this by his reaction to the couple in the park, who are having sex and qualification him feel even more alone in the world.He realises that his occupy with orderand rectitude shut her out of his life, and this concern stops him from living fully, he is not interested in begining a new phrase in his life, but instead he bitterly accepts his loneliness. Mr Duffy seems incapable of genuine feeling and emotion and this seems to be inpart to blame for his painfull insularity and his obession with his predictable life costs him a golden chance at love and happiness.A painful case ended where it began with Mr Duffy alone.Corley and Lenehan refuse to grow old in Two Gallants, trapped in the paralysis that Joyce saw central to Dublin, therefore this story belongs to the adolscent stories of the Dubliners, even though the two are in their thirties. Corley and Lenehan are leeches, to give this story the title two gallants Joyce was using this title as a form of ironry because uncomplete Corley or Lenehan are gallants. (gallants meaning to be brave or herotic.) Corley takes advantage of the women, that he seduces, Lenehan does the same to friends, bartenders and Corley also. Donald Torchiana suggests that the stroy is on allegorical tale about the Anglo-Irish Ascendency and the culture or parasitiam and exploitation which they bred in Ireland.Their is evidence to condense this theory, which would be in the referneces to the ascendency in the Kildare Street Club and in place names such as Shelbourne Hotel. The girl could be seen as a symbol of Ireland, representing Irelands depraved condition under compound rule. Ireland is being prosituted by her English conquerors.This ambiguous connection between Len ehan and the harp is a national reference. When Lenehan enjoys his meal later on in the story his meal has the colours of the Irish flag the green peas and the orange tree ginger beer symbolishing the flag of Ireland and therefore in Joyces view Lenehan is a steorotypical Dubliner. At the start of the story Joyce describes Dublin as having a warm grey evening air and a gaily coloured crowd. Which Joyce is using colour to show the decay in Dublin the city itself and the pile in it. Lenehan and Corley are both spirtualy dead in this story, they are scamming to get what they want, which in my opionion Joyce thought was quite typical of the people of Dublin using betrayel to make money, duping maids into stealing from their employers.Every main character in the three stories that I choose had deep moral and spritual paralysis and spritual death, with each character having a decision or situation which either inhibitits their well being or self estem and prohibits their ability to move forward. All three stories that I studied didnt have a happy ending, Joyce saw Dublin to never have a happy ending so he shows this in his stories.Dubliners are paralysed from acting or living resolutely or even consciously. Joyce once told his brother stonislaus the city is suffering from hemiplegia of the will (Stuart Gilbert, ed. the letters of James Joyce, Faber 1957.) He also described his intention to write The Dubliners as the desire to betray the soul of the hemiplegia or paralysis which may consider a city. The theme of praralysis and death is evident in every(prenominal) story in the Dubliners which I have come to the conclusion that this the way Joyce sees Dublin as a dead city diseased with paralysis, a city which one would want to escape from.

Music Affects Mood Essay

unison is any form of sound in a synchronized pattern that affects the encephalonwaves. Together with many pawns, an frantic harmony is created that house single-handedly manipulate human emotion. When medical specialty manipulates emotion to an extreme degree, the practice evoke be interpose an addiction. There argon many causes for being a symphony addict. It provides an artificial sanctuary, bringing reveal the emotion that a person is intuitive feeling. music is limitless there is no end to its boundaries. medicinal drug affects how you feel, react, and learn. I can be in the best of snappishnesss, hence pick up to a sad song and break up to feel depressed. You listen to something more(prenominal) upbeat your mood go forth lighten, and you become happier. Musics readiness to heal the soul is the stuff of legend in every culture. Many mountain find that medicament lifts their spirits. Modern research tends to confirm medicinal do drugss psychotherapeutic be nefits. Bright, cheerful music (e.g. Mozart, Vivaldi, bluegrass, Klezmer, Salsa, reggae) is the most self-explanatory prescription for the blues. Animals are similar. You play rock and roll and they usually run out of the room, at least(prenominal) mine do.But if you put on some recognize or especially classical music, they lie pass and close their eyes. It is soothing and calming. Jazz, blues, soul or calypso music can uplift and inspire us, release deep joy or even deep sadness, conveying wit and affirming our common humanity. People will also recognize happy faces if they are feeling happy themselves. A new study by researcher Jacob Jolij and student Maaike Meurs of the Psychology Department of the University of Groningen shows that music has an even more dramatic effect on perception even if there is nothing to see, hatful some periods still see happy faces when they are listening to happy music and sad faces when they are listening to sad music. Pretty interesting, but t his image authentically makes sense. The power of music to affect memory is quite intriguing. Mozarts music and baroque music, with a 60 beats per minute beat pattern, activates the left and right brain. The simultaneous left and right brain action maximizes learning and retention of information. The information being studied activates the left brain while the music activates the right brain. also, activities which engage both sides of the brain at the same time, often(prenominal) as playing an instrument or singing, cause the brain to be more capable of processing information. Classical music, such as Haydn and Mozart, often improves concentration and memory when played in the background. When I am studying or writing, I want yet soft back ground music. Because when Im listening to upbeat blame or lyrical music, I tend to concentrate on the oral communication more than my studies or book. Also if Im writing and Im listening to a lyrical song I tend to write the words in the songs other than what I need to be writing, without thinking intimately it I have seen moms in movies put headph geniuss around their tummy when they are pregnant and play classical music such as Mozart because they wanted their children to grow up being smart.Clinical researchers at the U.C.L.A drill of Nursing in Los Angeles, and at Georgia Baptist Medical Center in Atlanta, found that premature babies gained lading faster and were able to use oxygen more efficiently when they listened to soothing music. Some rhythms, such as Baroque, induce enzymes in the brain and add amazing well being and focus. Slower Baroque music, such as Bach, Handel, Vivaldi or Corelli, can create mentally stimulating environments for creativity and new innovations. I get wind people complaining about baroque and classical music being boring, but if that kind of music was never around, then the music we have now would not exist. So I appreciate it, and I agree with the fact it helps people study and f eel more creative. Romantic music, such as Schubert, Schumann, Tchaikovsky, Chopin and Liszt, enhances our senses and increases a sense of sympathy and love. Liszt was a ladies man, and piano master. Some consider his music vulgar and bombastic others wassail in its extroverted romantic rhetoric. Chopins pieces were elegant and peaceful.He composed a lot of nocturnal and waltzs. Chopin, at the age of 10 he was often referenceed to play for the Grand Duke Constantine, governor of Poland. The Duke had pass seizures of madness which could seemingly be controlled only by Chopins music. When the little boy played, the seizures abated and the governor could scoop up his normal activities, only to send for Chopin again when the musical medicine wore off. The Schumanns were a couple who wrote music together. But before they married Mr. Schumann composed a song about the little girl he taught and would later marry, Chiarina. His wife wrote too, but she preferred to perform. Their love st ory is sweet and so is their music. This is the reason why this time period was called Romantic, music and musicians were more free and felt love. Rock music, from Elvis Presley to the Rolling Stones, stirs cacoethes and activity, and so can release daily tensions.Rock can also mask pain and administer up unpleasant noises. It also has the power to create dissonance, stress or physical pain if we are not in the mood for energizing. Keep in mind that listening to too much washing soda and hard rock music can make a person more jittery than energized. I know that a lot of guys like to listen it in the workout room to get pump up. But those who worked out while listening to Vivaldi scored higher in a test of cognitive function. I like a little bit of rock, as it decidedly opened the doors for different music to come through. Heavy metal and hip-hop music excites our nervous system, and sometimes leads us into acting out self-propelled behavior and self-expression.. I understand yo u may not want to listen to happy-go-lucky music when you are upset, but why would you listen to something so heavy that it makes you want to bang ones head on something. The words in metal and hip-hop are words we want to say but dont have the courage to.So we scantily listen and close our eyes, and it is our song for three minutes because the singers understand. Its very pumped up and ready to fire off. Hip-hop is dance-able and heavy metal is psyche just screaming or yelling for you when you want to. Country music is similar in that it features messages with which listening can identify. A lot of couples use uncouth songs as our song. It has evolved over the years and women have a bigger role in this than any other genre. I have compared some old state of matter music to the newer releases. Now performers sing about more than a truck, drunkenness, dogs, and a girl. But most country music does have a girl mentioned somewhere. Perhaps thats the southern way of being romantic, strumming a guitar and singing about ones lady. But then I have heard that is one of the genres that dont promote happy feelings. In fact, supposedly country music has been linked to belief and suicide. Suicide rates for Caucasian Americans living in metropolitan areas are higher in those cities where more country music is played on the radio.If you find yourself feeling down and depressed, country music is definitely not the music you want to be listening to. I dont know if I agree with that, I just think that country is mostly just good southern music. I dont listen to it all the time, but occasionally I like the sound and feeling down to earth, unless I just happen to be decomposeing the better songs. I try to pick song without bad language or vulgar meaning. There are better things out there than that. Listening to music with vulgar meaning or language affects how we react and what we think about. Amy Winehouse wrote about drugs, drinking and rehab. Then later she died due to those causes. Was her personal life influenced by being awarded for singing about it? pretty unsettling in my opinion. hydrant artists use such vulgar language and degrade women why do we listen to it or put up with it. It makes us women look like a piece of meat new(a) adults, both male and female, who listen to rap music, are generally more accepting of violence towards women. ten-strike songs are more known to promote angry feelings than any other. However, there are numerous people who state that rap music makes them feel more relaxed. Others feel more energetic and happy because a lot of rap music promotes dancing and movement. This genre is just one of the examples of music with diverse results. Rap is not music, as it lacks any musical parts. It is rhyming over a beat that the rapper did not usually originally create. And if Mozart heard it, I think he would have a stern public lecture to that person. But enough of rap, let get into something everyone can associate music with. Music plays a gigantic part in movies also. When directors want a certain emotion coming out of that scene, they get someone to compose a song. As both music and shoot sequences are structured in time according to the viewers perception, there is a strong link between the two when played together.A viewer has two perceptual modes whilst watching film and listening to music, real time or ontological applies to where the viewer/listener perceives each note or movement, and psychological time in which the composition/film is perceived more subjectively and the viewer takes what they see/hear as a whole. Like Jaws, when the cheat shows up, it plays that classic song that everyone can quote. It puts you on the edge of your seat because you know something will happen. I just got done watching Parent Trap, starring Lindsay Lohan, for the millionth time. In the movie when the mom hugs her other young lady for the first time in eleven years, the music gets higher and just more flow ing and elegant. It make me cry, but when I muted it, it just like watching a moving scene.Not quick really feeling anything, you had to try to base your feeling on the actors facial expressions. To summon up here is an overall look on people opinions. I found a really neat survey that people all over the world took. Here is each question and the highest elect answer for each. How does classical music affect your mood? 69 people answered this question and 45 state relaxed. How does rock/metal music affect your mood? 83 people answered and 25 people state both angry and happy and coming in close behind 23 said anxious. How does jazz affect your mood? 72 people answered and 35 said relaxed.How does hip-hop music affect your mood? 68 people answered and 24 said happy and coming in close behind 21 said anxious. How does country music affect your mood? This was a really close one. 75 people answered. 8 people said anxious, 15 people said angry, 16 people said relaxed, and then 18 people tied between depressed and happy. Its really a powerful drug. Music can POISON you, lift your spirits, or MAKE YOU SICK without knowing why. Music is used all over to condition the human mind. It can be just as powerful as a drug and much more dangerous, because nobody takes musical manipulation very seriously. There is just so much to say about different genres and how they can affect people. No music is neutral. All of it affects your brain and emotions, as well as physical and spiritual being. 1 . Addiction to Music, November 13, 2008, http//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/20776.html, (accessed March 26, 2012) 2 . How Music Affects Us and Promotes Our Health, 2011, http//www.emedexpert.com/tips/music.shtml, (accessed March 8, 2012) 3 . Dr. Ellen Weber, The Brain On Music, November 14, 2008, http//www.brainleadersandlearners.com/multiple-intelligences/musical/the-brain-on-music/, (accessed March 8, 2012) 4 . University of Groningen, Research display Music Changes Perception, April 27, 2011, http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110427101606.htm, (accessed March 7, 2012) 5 . How Music Affects Us and Promotes Our Health, 2011, http//www.emedexpert.com/tips/music.shtml, (accessed March 7, 2012) 6 . Dr. Ellen Weber, The Brain On Music, November 14, 2008,

Piaget and Vygotsky Essay

In this Es advance I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. They some(prenominal) were valuable in forming a much scientific approach to analyzing the cognitive processes of the child active construction of knowledge. They both developed their own ideas of child nurture and they believed cognitive education in children took place in stages. withal they were distinguished by variant styles of sentiment.Piaget prospect that children actively construct their own cognitive worlds and they adapt their thinking to include new ideas because additional information furthers understanding. He stressed that to make sense of our world we cook our Schemata or experiences. We connect one idea to another. We also adopt new ideas. Adaptation is by assimilation, which occurs when individuals co-ordinated new information into their existing knowledge into an existing pattern of behavior of schemeta (example). Piaget refers to Schemata or schemas to the way we orga nize our knowledge. We nookie think our knowledge as units and each of them associate to aspects of the world including actions, objects etc. (referencing ) Accommodation occurs when individuals sort out to new information.Piaget thought that equilibrium occurs when is a balance between assimilation and accommodation. He believed equilibrium schema is both the folk of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. As experiences lapse and new information is presented, new schemas are developed and old schemas are changed or modified. An example is, say a child sees a crow and a pigeon in the sky, and is told that they are birds. The child then forms a bird schema defined as something that flies.The next day, he goes out and sees a seagull, which advantageously fits into his existing bird schema. This is called assimilation, when we take new experiences/knowledge and put them in our existing schemas (or categories). The next day, a child goes out and sees a plane in the sky. Whilst this fits the definition of something that flies, it seems to be quite different than the other birds he has seen, and he is told that this is not a bird. To explain this, the child forms one large category of flying things, with two sub-categories birds and planes. This process is called accommodation, where we change our existing knowledge structures to account for new information that doesnt fit.Piaget also believed that we go thought four stages in understanding the world. each stage is aged related and consist of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world. This theory is cognize as Piagets Stage Theory because it deals with four stages of development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. ( referencing ) On the other hand, Vygotsky believed that children actively construct their knowledge.He gave social interaction and culture far more(prenominal) important roles in cognitive develo pment than Piaget did. Vygotsky socio cultural cognitive theory emphasizes how cultural and social interactions guide cognitive development. He portrayed the child development as inseparable from social and cultural activities. Vygotsky argued, watch overedness is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological guide (1978, p. 90). In other words, social learning tends to precede development. He believed that the development of memory, attention and reasoning involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems and memory strategies.( referencing)Piaget believed that development had to come before learning Vygotsky believed that development and learning worked together though socialization and language. Vygotsky gave language a huge role in development. For vygotsky lyric plays two critical roles in cognitive development. First language is the main means by which adults ve ntilate information to children. Secondly, Language itself it is a very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation. Vygotsky believed that language develops from social interactions, for parley purposes. Later language ability becomes internalized as thought and inner speech. Thought is the result of language.Piaget thought that there was a connection between biological and cognitive development. Vygotsky believed that knowledge from social interactions spurred cognitive evolution and development.Even they had really big differences they both believed that social interactions played an irreplaceable role in cognitive development. Piaget thought that cognitive development is influenced by social transmission (learning from others). Vygotsky believed that social interactions were an instrument in development and that it heavily influenced thoughts and language.Piaget strongly considered that the developmental ages of students determined where they should be in the learning process. Vy gotsky took that idea further by comparing the learners actual development to their potential development. He called this area of zone of proximal development. ZPD is the range of tasks that one cannot yet perform independently, but can accomplish with the help of a more competent individual. For example, a child skill not be able to walk across a balance beam on her own, but she can do so while holding her contracts hand. Since children are always learning new things, the ZPD changes as new skills are acquired.Piaget stages are hierarchical. Each of Piagets stages must be complete before moving to the next one. Vygotskys theory does not depend on time. Piaget stages imply that children cognitively develop on their own, without the help of someone or something. Vygotsky concentrates more on social interactions and aide given to a child when develops. Vygotsky Scaffolding is the kind of help, assistance and pay that enables a child to do a task which they cannot quite manage yet alone and which it will help them in the future to be able to make that task or similar on their own. For example In a school laboratory science class, a teacher might set aside scaffolding by first giving students detailed guides to carrying out experiments, then giving them brief outlines that they might use to structure experiments, and finally asking them to set up experiments entirely on their own.What the child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by herself tomorrow (Vygotsky, 1978, p.87). some(prenominal) these educators contributed to the present day ideas of constructivist learning. Both offer some incredible insight into possible ways children learn and byusing there theories it is possible to create a more conductive learning environment for the child.