.
Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Hebrew Pentecostals Essay
The movement known as the Hebrew Pentecostals started in 1914 by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson, a former Methodist minister, in Beaufort South Carolina. Bishop Johnson, dissatisfied with the Methodist church and its lack of positive support for the Pentecostal experience which included tongues, the indwelling of the holy spirit, and the observance of the original seventh day Sabbath, left the Methodist church to form what was called the â€Å" Commandment Keepers†. Through Bishop Johnson’s travelling ministry both nationally and internationally the church experienced rapid growth and quickly developed congregations on three continents. The group has been in existence and growing ever since then. Bishop Johnson was succeeded by Bishop Aaron Smith, first Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1941 to 1049, followed by Bishop S.P. Rawlings, second Chief Apostle, who headed the church from 1950 to 1990. Under Bishop S.P. Rawlings the church saw significant changes including the adoption of the Jewish festival days, and the acceptance of an identity as â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal†. Hebrew Pentecostals do not consider themselves a Christian group or a Jewish group; they associate themselves with both early Christianity and the faith of the early Hebrews. Bishop Rawlings felt that the churches observance of the Jewish law and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the Messiah separated the organization from traditional Christian and Jewish theological positions. The term â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal†provides a unique identifier which embodies the marriage of Judaism and Christianity. Bishop S.P. Rawlings was succeeded by Bishop F.C. Scott, third Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1991 to 2005. Bishop Scott dedicated the current national Temple and oversaw paying it off. International presence increased greatly under his leadership and technological advancements were made in the church. Powers of the executive boards were refined and polices were updated. The honorable Bishop James E. Embry is the current Chief Apostle of the church and has been in office since 2005. Hebrew Pentecostalism is a religious philosophy derived from the inclusion of all divine concepts expressed in both the old and new Testaments of the Bible. The writings of the Old and New Testaments form the basis for both Judaism and Christianity, they also sharply delineate respective perceptions regarding the manner in which man is required to recognize and worship God. For example, Judaism rejects the validity and applicability of the New Testament writings while Christianity does the same for much of the Old Testament. It appears therefore that a merging of these two desperate positions would be tantamount to mixing water and oil however, that is exactly what Hebrew Pentecostalism does. The word â€Å"Hebrew†was used in Bible history by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the Hebrew language. Since the basic tents of the Hebrew Pentecostalism extracts its legitimacy from the original concepts of the Bible, it follows that the original reference to Gods chosen people is retained in the denominational identification. Membership is claimed, in the Hebrew family, by linkage provided by the Apostle Paul in Gal 3:29 And if ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise. Pentecostalism has its basic roots in familiar religious concepts. Its beginning can be traced to Acts 2:1-6, where the promise of the Holy Ghost was fulfilled in the upper room. The recognition of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit survived through centuries, but grew in the United States when speaking in tongues was evidenced in the southern Appalachians(1896). However, Bishop S.P. Rawlings of the House of God fathered the concept of â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostalism†at the 58th Convocation in 1977, after recognizing the The House of God was the only known church that embraced the total Bible as current day truth. They follow certain commandments in the Old Testament, such as dietary laws, the three pilgrimage festivals and the Sabbath. Their devotional services follow the Hebrew tradition rather than the Christian. They observe the Sabbath, it being an element in Creation since God himself rested on the seventh day and Adam rested with Him. They believe the Sabbath was made for man, but the Jewish people are the carriers of it. By observing the Sabbath, they are following the practices made for man. They have a systematic way of dealing with issues that come up within their organization and there is a definite hierarchy. They have a spiritual leader over the entire movement, called the Chief Apostle. Currently, the Chief Apostle is Bishop James E. Embry Jr. Under him, there is a board of Apostles, Elders, Pastors, and Evangelists. If there is a decision concerning matters of the Scripture, it comes down from the board of Apostles to the Pastors and to the local congregation. There are the male-only offices: Bishops, Vicar Bishops, Elders, and Deacons. Then the male-female offices: Pastors, Evangelists and Ministers. Then the female-only offices: Elect Lady, Mothers, Missionaries. The role of women is very open in the Hebrew Pentecostal church. There are women Pastors, women who carry out the Sacraments, such as marriage, burying the dead, and rites of Passover. They have no problems with the feminist movement as a whole, but there are some individual disagreements. Basically, as long as the feminist movement does not contradict the word of God, then they accept it. Since the feminist movement advocates abortion it cannot be supported by the church in that area. Their Sacraments are not similar to the Christian Sacraments. They have incorporated the rites of Passover into them. Passover is not a Sacrament in the Christian tradition. This reflects how they incorporate the Hebrew tradition into the Christian idea. The titles of many aspects of their religion have Christian names and some Hebrew themes although they do not exactly call themselves Christians. One common theme in their beliefs is the desire to go back to the root of the religion, rather than follow what history has made it to be. Hebrew Pentecostals are similar to Messianic Jews. However, Hebrew Pentecostals differ from Messianic Judaism in the respect that they started from different places. Messianic Judaism came from a Jewish background to accept the concept of Jesus as the son of God, whereas the Hebrew Pentecostal group came from a Christian background to embrace the Old Testament traditions. They are on the same understanding of the scriptures and identify with them closely. The primary doctrine of Hebrew Pentecostals is contained in twenty four principles developed by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson. Although there are other doctrinal issues that fall outside of these principles, â€Å"The Twenty Four Principles†represents the foundation of the church doctrine. They are as follows: It is important to look at how they approach change since much of their tradition is based on keeping things as they were originally. It is very interesting that if Hebrew Pentecostals find there is something the word of God teaches that they have not been aware of they are open to change. The way they approach change is through question that come up in the national meeting. Anyone can write to the board of apostles with questions and their answers are discussed. A doctoral change may or may not come out of it. Ideas for change can come from the congregation members themselves. The actual mandate of the change is given by the board of Apostles. It seems that the majority of the movement is based on going back to the basics and keeping things the way they were in the beginning and the acceptance of change seems to go against that framework. In the past 40 years Hebrew Pentecostals have increased 1000%. They grow through the merging of churches and through proselytizing. They do not actively proselytize, but when people hear of them, they explain what they are about and people join. http://excitingjudaism.com/docs/Sutton.doc http://netministries.org http://houseofgod.org
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
a report on practical traning taken at bhilai steel plant, bhilai (c. g. ) submitted to :- submitted by :- prof. sandeep aysha rahman chandravanshi hod, eee submitted by :- aysha rahman semester :- 4th sem branch :- electrical & elect ronics engineering course:- b. e. college:- kruti institute of technology and engineering location:- nardaha,raipur (c. g. ) line – up acknowledgement * certificate * introduction about sail * bhilai steel plant * sources of raw material * process flow of bsp * electrical repair shop * heavy maintainence electrical * safety * conclusion * bibilography acknoledgment I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to all people who, despite their hectic schedule managed to find time to give lectures on their concerned area of core competence, listened to my questionnaire patiently and dispelled my doubts through interactive correspondence. I am indebted and very grateful to extend my thanks to Mr.Gaurav for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for making this training a joyful learning experience. My sincere thanks to Mr. P. V. V. Pawan and Mr. Lokesh for helping me to do my training well. C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the report of B. E. 4th Semester, BHILAI STEEL PLANT project submitted by AYSHA RAHMAN bearing Roll No. :3412509004 & Enrollment No. :AF0574 , carried out for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G. ), India. The project work as mentioned above is here by being recommended and forwarded for examination and evaluation. ________________________________ (Signature of Head of the department) Date : STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED| | TypeOwned by| State-owned enterprise Public (NSE: SAIL, LSE: SAUD)Government of India| Industry| Steel| Founded| 1954| Headquarters| New Delhi, India| Key people| Chandra Shekhar Verma (Chairman)| ProductionRevenue| 13. 5 million metric tons/year$9. 629 billion (2010)| Net income| 1. 520 billion (2010)|Total assets| $15. 655 billion (2010)| Employees| 131,910 (2006)| Website| http://www. sail. co. in/| Steel Authority of India Limited A Maharatna Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company; among the top five highest profit earning corporate and one of fastest growing Public Sector Unit in India. It is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company.It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. SAIL is also among the five Maharatna’s of the country's Central Public Sector Enterprises and is the 16th largest steel producer in the world. |  | SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils, galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural railway products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other alloy steels.SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated plants and three special steel plants, located principally in the eastern and central regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials, including the Company's iron ore, limestone and dolomite mines. The company has the distinction of being India’s second largest producer of iron ore and of having the country’s second largest mines network. This giv es SAIL a competitive edge in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and dolomite which are inputs for steel making.SAIL's wide range of long and flat steel products is much in demand in the domestic as well as the international market. This vital responsibility is carried out by SAIL's own Central Marketing Organization (CMO) that transacts business through its network of 37 Branch Sales Offices spread across the four regions, 25 Departmental Warehouses, 42 Consignment Agents and 27 Customer Contact Offices. CMO’s domestic marketing effort is supplemented by its ever widening network of rural dealers who meet the demands of the smallest customers in the remotest corners of the country.SAIL's International Trade Division (ITD), in New Delhi- an ISO 9001:2000 accredited unit of CMO, undertakes exports of Mild Steel products and Pig Iron from SAIL’s five integrated steel plants. With technical and managerial expertise and know-how in steel making gained over four decades, SAIL's Consultancy Division (SAILCON) at New Delhi offers services and consultancy to clients world-wide. SAIL has a well-equipped Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS) at Ranchi which helps to produce quality steel and develop new technologies for the steel industry.Besides, SAIL has its own in-house Centre for Engineering and Technology (CET), Management Training Institute (MTI) and Safety Organization at Ranchi. Our captive mines are under the control of the Raw Materials Division in Kolkata. The Environment Management Division and Growth Division of SAIL operate from their headquarters in Kolkata. | Ownership and Management The Government of India owns about 86% of SAIL's equity and retains voting control of the Company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its ‘Maharatna’ status, enjoys significant operational and financial autonomy.MAJOR UNITS Integrated Steel Plants| * Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh * Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal * Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa * Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand * IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal | | Special Steel Plants| * Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal * Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu * Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in Karnataka | | | | Joint Ventures| | | | * NTPC SAIL Power Company Pvt. Limited (NSPCL) * Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt.Limited (BPSCL) * Mjunction Services Limited * SAIL-Bansal Service Centre Limited * Bhilai JP Cement Limited * Bokaro JP Cement Limited * SAIL ; MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt. ) Limited * S ; T Mining Company Pvt. Limited * International Coal Ventures Private Limited * SAIL SCI Shipping Pvt. Limited * SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon Industry Pvt. Limited * SAIL SCL Limited| | bHILAI STEEL PLANT The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) – a public sector undertaking run by the Steel Authority of India – built with Soviet co-operation and technology, and began production in 1959 .Located in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh is India's only producer of steel rails, and is a major producer of rails and heavy steel plates and structural components. In the 2004-05 fiscal year, it is the Steel Authority of India Limited's most profitable plant. This steel plant was set up with the help of the USSR. Nine – time winner of Prime Minister's Trophy for best Integrated Steel Plant in the country. The plant is the sole supplier of the country's longest rail tracks of 260 metres. With an annual production capacity of 3. 53 MT of saleable steel, the plant also specializes in other products such as wire rods and merchant products. Since BSP is accredited with ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System Standard, all saleable products of Bhilai Steel Plant come under the ISO umbrella. At Bhilai IS0:14001 have been awarded for Environment Management System in the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. It is the only steel plant to get certification in all these areas. The Plant is accredited with SA: 8000 certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-18001 certification for Occupational health and safety.These internationally recognised certifications add value to Bhilai's products the best organizations in the steel industry. Among the long list of national awards it has won, Bhilai has bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability award for three consecutive years. Bhilai Steel Plant manages a well planned township (Bhilainagar) which as 13 sectors. It was deliberately located in what was then regarded as a remote and â€Å"backward†rural area, profits being secondary to employment in the planning priorities of the time.BSP currently has nearly 55,000 permanent workers on its direct pay-roll, of whom approximately three-fifths work inside the 17 square kilometer plant and the remainder for its associated mines and quarries, and for the purpose-built BSP township. This compares with a regular workforce of 63,400 in 1987. In addition, on any one day there are at present something in the region of 8,000 contract workers employed by the plant and the township, and a further 3,500 – 4,000 employed by the mines. BSP has for some years shown a profit, and is widely regarded as the most successful of those in the Indian public sector.It runs at its four million ton capacity; produces cheaper steel, and has a record of considerably more harmonious industrial relations than any of the other state-run steel plants, and also than the vast majority of private sector factories which now surround it, and for which it served as a magnet. Though local job creation was one of its main objectives, and though the principle was soon established that one member from every family which had relinquished land should have an automatic right to BSP employment, the local Chhattisgarhis were initially reluctant recruits.Location : Forty kms west of Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, along the Howrah-Mumbai railway line and the Gr eat-Eastern highway, stands Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). Source of Raw Materials: 1. Iron Ore                         †¦. Dalli, Rajahara Mines  2. Lime Stone                     †¦. Nandini Mines 3. Manganese                     †¦. Balaghat Mines 4. Sinter                             †¦. Sintering Plants (SP-2, SP-3) 5. Coke                              †¦. Coke Ovens (Coke sorting plants) 6. Converter Slag              †¦. SMS – l Captive minesIron-ore| – Dalli-Rajhara Iron Ore Complex, 80 kms from Bhilai | Limestone | – Nandini, 23 kms from Bhilai| Dolomite| – Hirri, 150 kms from Bhilai| Coke Ovens BATT NO. | NO. OF OVENS| OVEN HEIGHT(M) | COAL HOLDING CAPACITY PER OVEN (T) | USEFUL VOLUME PER OVEN CU. M. | SP. HEAT CONSPN. KCAL/KG| 1-8| 65| 4. 3| 16. 8| 21. 6| 625-675 | 9&10| 67| 7. 0| 32. 0| 41. 6| 625-675 | Blast Furnaces * 3 of 1033 Cu m capacity each * 3 of 1719 Cu m capacity each * 1 of 2355 Cu m capacity Hot Metal Capacity: 4. 70 MT / year PROCESS FLOW OF BSP PROCUCTS OF BSP A. FINISHED PRODUCTS Rail & Structural Mill Rails in 13m, 26m, 65/78 m length and welded panels of 130m / 260m length Indian Railways, Export Heavy Structurals Construction, Crane Rails, Cranes, Crossing sleepers, Broad gauge sleepers * Merchant Mill Lt. Structurals, Engineering and Construction, Med. Rounds (Plain & TMT), Heavy rounds (Plain) * Wire Rod Mill Wire Rods- Plain Construction, Wire Rods- TMT, EQ Wire Rods Electrodes * Plate Mill Plates Boilers, Defence, Railways, Ship building, LPG cylinder s, Export B. SEMISBillets (from BBM), Re-rollers Blooms (from BBM), Narrow width slabs, CC Blooms, Killed Slabs C. Pig Iron Foundry D. By Products Coal Chemicals, Ammonium Sulphate (Fertiliser) Tar and tar products, (Pitch, Naphthalene, Creosote Oil Road Tar, Anthracene oil, Dephenolised oil, PCM etc. ), Benzol & its products (NG Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Solvent oil, By. Benzol etc. ), Processed Slag Granulated slag from CHSG Plants & SGP for cement manufacture. RODUCT-MIX| TONNES/ANNUM| Semis | 5,33,000| Rail & Heavy Structural | 7,50,000| Merchant Products (Angles, Channels, Round & TMT bars)| 5,00,000|Wire Rods (TMT, Plain & Ribbed) | 4,20,000| Plates (up to 3600 mm wide) | 9,50,000| Total Saleable steel | 31,53,000 | Requirements for producing of one ton of Hot Metal (Specific Consumption) Iron Ore                        †¦. 459 Kg Lime StoneÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚  †¦. 850 Kg(Depending on Sinter Usage) Manganese                 †¦. 800 Kg(50% in burden) Sinter                           †¦. 35 Kg Coke                            †¦. 08 Kg ELECTRICAL RERAIP SHOP JOB FLOW CHART PLANT RECEIPT & ISSUE AT ERS TESTING MACHINE &SPARE PART ASSEMBLY COMMUTATOR WINDING & MAGNET TRANSFORMER VARNISHING TASKS done in ers * Assembles electrical parts such as alternators, generators, starting devices and switches; following schematic drawings, using hand, machine and power tools. * Repairs and rebuilds defective mechanical parts in electric motors, generators and related equipment, using hand tools and power tools. * Tests for overheating, using speed gauges and thermometers. * Rewinds coils on core while core is in slots, or make replacement coils, using coil-winding machine. Replaces defective parts such as coil leads, carbon brushes and connecting wires using soldering equipment. * Installs, secures and aligns parts using hand tools welding equipment and electrical meters. * Rewires electrical systems and repairs or replaces electrical accessories. * Reassembles repaired electric motors to specified requirements and ratings, using hand tools and electric meters. * Disassembles defective units using hand tools. * Measures velocity, horsepower, r. p. m, amperage circuitry and voltage of units or parts using electrical meters and mechanical testing devices. Cuts and removes parts such as defective coils and insulation. * Adjusts working parts such as fan belt tension, voltage output, contacts and springs using hand tools and verifies corrections using gauges. * Tests charges and replaces batteries. * Inspects parts for wear or damage or reads work order or schematic drawings to determine requir ed repairs. * Cuts and forms insulation and inserts insulation into armature, rotor or stator slots. * Refaces, reams and polishes commutators and machine parts to specified tolerances using machine tools. HEAVY MAINTENANCE ELECTRICALS MAINTENANCE OF MOTORSThe key to minimizing motor problems is scheduled routine inspection and service. The frequency of routine service varies widely between applications. Including the motors in the maintenance schedule for the driven machine or general plant equipment is usually sufficient. A motor may require additional or more frequent attention if a breakdown would cause health or safety problems, severe loss of production, damage to expensive equipment or other serious losses. Written records indicating date, items inspected, service performed and motor condition are important to an effective routine maintenance program.From such records, specific problems in each application can be identified and solved routinely to avoid breakdowns and product ion losses. The routine inspection and servicing can generally be done without disconnecting or disassembling the motor. It involves the following factors: Dirt and Corrosion: 1. Wipe, brush, vacuum or blow accumulated dirt from the frame and air passages of the motor. Dirty motors run hot when thick dirt insulates the frame and clogged passages reduce cooling air flow. Heat reduces insulation life and eventually causes motor failure. 2. Feel for air being discharged from the cooling air ports.If the flow is weak or unsteady, internal air passages are probably clogged. Remove the motor from service and clean. 3. Check for signs of corrosion. Serious corrosion may indicate internal deterioration and/or a need for external repainting. Schedule the removal of the motor from service for complete inspection and possible rebuilding. 4. In wet or corrosive environments, open the conduit box and check for deteriorating insulation or corroded terminals. Repair as needed. Lubrication: Lubrica te the bearings only when scheduled or if they are noisy or running hot.Do NOT over-lubricate. Excessive grease and oil creates dirt and can damage bearings. Heat, Noise and Vibration: Feel the motor frame and bearings for excessive heat or vibration. Listen for abnormal noise. All indicate a possible system failure. Promptly identify and eliminate the source of the heat, noise or vibration. Winding Insulation: When records indicate a tendency toward periodic winding failures in the application, check the condition of the insulation with an insulation resistance test. Such testing is especially important for motors operated in et or corrosive atmospheres or in high ambient temperatures. Brushes and Commutators (DC Motors): 1. Observe the brushes while the motor is running. The brushes must ride on the commutator smoothly with little or no sparking and no brush noise (chatter). 2. Stop the motor. Be certain that: * The brushes move freely in the holder and the spring tension on each brush is about equal. * Every brush has a polished surface over the entire working face indicating good seating. * The commutator is clean, smooth and has a polished brown surface where the brushes ride.NOTE: Always put each brush back into its original holder. Interchanging brushes decreases commutation ability. * There is no grooving of the commutator (small grooves around the circumference of the commutator). If there is grooving, remove the motor from service immediately as this is a symptomatic indication of a very serious problem. 3. Replace the brushes if there is any chance they will not last until the next inspection date. 4. If accumulating, clean foreign material from the grooves between the commutator bars and from the brush holders and posts. 5.Brush sparking, chatter, excessive wear or chipping, and a dirty or rough commutator indicate motor problems requiring prompt service. Figure 1. Typical DC Motor Brushes and Commutator Brushes and Collector Rings (Synchronous Mot ors) 1. Black spots on the collector rings must be removed by rubbing lightly with fine sandpaper. If not removed, these spots cause pitting that requires regrinding the rings. Figure 2. Rotary Converter Armature Showing Commutator And Slip Rings. 2. An imprint of the brush, signs of arcing or uneven wear indicate the need to remove the motor from service and repair or replace the rings. . Check the collector ring brushes as described under â€Å"Brushes and Commutators†. They do not, however, wear as rapidly as commutator brushes. BEARING LUBRICATION: Introduction Modern motor designs usually provide a generous supply of lubricant in tight bearing housings. Lubrication on a scheduled basis, in conformance with the manufacturer's recommendations, provides optimum bearing life. Thoroughly clean the lubrication equipment and fittings before lubricating. Dirt introduced into the bearings during lubrication probably causes more bearing failures than the lack of lubrication.Too mu ch grease can over pack bearings and cause them to run hot, shortening their life. Excessive lubricant can find its way inside the motor where it collects dirt and causes insulation deterioration. Many small motors are built with permanently lubricated bearings. They cannot and should not be lubricated. OILING SLEEVE BEARINGS: As a general rule, fractional horsepower motors with a wick lubrication system should be oiled every 2000 hours of operation or at least annually. Dirty, wet or corrosive locations or heavy loading may require oiling at three-month intervals or more often.Roughly 30 drops of oil for a 3-inch diameter frame to 100 drops for a 9-inch diameter frame is sufficient. Use a 150 SUS viscosity turbine oil or SAE 10 automotive oil. Some larger motors are equipped with oil reservoirs and usually a sight gage to check proper level. (Fig. 3) As long as the oil is clean and light in colour, the only requirement is to fill the cavity to the proper level with the oil recommen ded by the manufacturer. Do not overfill the cavity. If the oil is discoloured, dirty or contains water, remove the drain plug. Flush the bearing with fresh oil until it comes out clean.Coat the plug threads with a sealing compound, replace the plug and fill the cavity to the proper level. When motors are disassembled, wash the housing with a solvent. Discard used felt packing. Replace badly worn bearings. Coat the shaft and bearing surfaces with oil and reassemble. Figure 3. Cross Section of the Bearing System of a Large Motor GREASING BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS: Practically all Reliance ball bearing motors in current production are equipped with the exclusive PLS/Positive Lubrication System. PLS is a patented open-bearing system that provides long, reliable bearing and motor ife regardless of mounting position. Its special internal passages uniformly distribute new grease pumped into the housing during regreasing through the open bearings and forces old grease out through the drain hole. The close running tolerance between shaft and inner bearing cap minimizes entry of contaminants into the housing and grease migration into the motor. The unique V-groove outer slinger seals the opening between the shaft and end bracket while the motor is running or is at rest yet allows relief of grease along the shaft if the drain hole is plugged. Figure 4) The frequency of routine greasing increases with motor size and severity of the application as indicated in Table 1. Actual schedules must be selected by the user for the specific conditions. During scheduled greasing, remove both the inlet and drain plugs. Pump grease into the housing using a standard grease gun and light pressure until clean grease comes out of the drain hole. If the bearings are hot or noisy even after correction of bearing overloads (see â€Å"Troubleshooting†) remove the motor from service. Wash the housing and bearings with a good solvent. Replace bearings that show signs of damage or wear.Rep ack the bearings, assemble the motor and fill the grease cavity. Whenever motors are disassembled for service, check the bearing housing. Wipe out any old grease. If there are any signs of grease contamination or breakdown, clean and repack the bearing system as described in the preceding paragraph. Figure 4. Cross Section of PLS Bearing System (Positive Lubrication System) HEAT, NOISE AND VIBRATION Heat Excessive heat is both a cause of motor failure and a sign of other motor problems. The primary damage caused by excess heat is to increase the aging rate of the insulation. Heat beyond the insulation's rating shortens winding life.After overheating, a motor may run satisfactorily but its useful life will be shorter. For maximum motor life, the cause of overheating should be identified and eliminated. As indicated in the Troubleshooting Sections, overheating results from a variety of different motor problems. They can be grouped as follows: * WRONG MOTOR: It may be too small or have the wrong starting torque characteristics for the load. This may be the result of poor initial selection or changes in the load requirements. * POOR COOLING: Accumulated dirt or poor motor location may prevent the free flow of cooling air around the motor.In other cases, the motor may draw heated air from another source. Internal dirt or damage can prevent proper air flow through all sections of the motor. Dirt on the frame may prevent transfer of internal heat to the cooler ambient air. * OVERLOADED DRIVEN MACHINE: Excess loads or jams in the driven machine force the motor to supply higher torque, draw more current and overheat. Table 1. Motor Operating Conditions Motor Horsepower| Light Duty(1)| Standard Duty(2)| Heavy Duty(3)| Severe Duty(4)| Up to 7-1/2 10 to 40 50 to 150 Over 150| 10 years 7 years 4 years 1 year| 7 years years 1-1/2 years 6 months| 4 years 1-1/2 years 9 months 3 months| 9 months 4 months 3 months 2 months| * Light Duty: Motors operate infrequently (1 hour/day or less) as in portable floor sanders, valves, door openers. * Standard Duty: Motors operate in normal applications (1 or 2 work shifts). Examples include air conditioning units, conveyors, refrigeration apparatus, laundry machinery, woodworking and textile machines, water pumps, machine tools, garage compressors. * Heavy Duty: Motors subjected to above normal operation and vibration (running 24 hours/day, 365 days/year).Such operations as in steel mill service, coal and mining machinery, motor-generator sets, fans, pumps. * Severe Duty: Extremely harsh, dirty motor applications. Severe vibration and high ambient conditions often exist. * EXCESSIVE FRICTION: Misalignment, poor bearings and other problems in the driven machine, power transmission system or motor increase the torque required to drive the loads, raising motor operating temperature. * ELECTRICAL OVERLOADS: An electrical failure of a winding or connection in the motor can cause other Windings or the entire motor to overh eat. Noise and VibrationNoise indicates motor problems but ordinarily does not cause damage. Noise, however, is usually accompanied by vibration. Vibration can cause damage in several ways. It tends to shake windings loose and mechanically damages insulation by cracking, flaking or abrading the material. Embrittlement of lead wires from excessive movement and brush sparking at commutators or current collector rings also results from vibration. Finally, vibration can speed bearing failure by causing balls to â€Å"brinnell,†sleeve bearings to be pounded out of shape or the housings to loosen in the shells.Whenever noise or vibrations are found in an operating motor, the source should be quickly isolated and corrected. What seems to be an obvious source of the noise or vibration may be a symptom of a hidden problem. Therefore, a thorough investigation is often required. Noise and vibrations can be caused by a misaligned motor shaft or can be transmitted to the motor from the d riven machine or power transmission system. They can also be the result of either electrical or mechanical unbalance in the motor. After checking the motor shaft alignment, disconnect the motor from the driven load.If the motor then operates smoothly, look for the source of noise or vibration in the driven equipment. If the disconnected motor still vibrates, remove power from the motor. If the vibration stops, look for an electrical unbalance. If it continues as the motor coasts without power, look for a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance occurs when the magnetic attraction between stator and rotor is uneven around the periphery of the motor. This causes the shaft to deflect as it rotates creating a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance usually indicates an electrical failure such as an open tator or rotor winding, an open bar or ring in squirrel cage motors or shorted field coils in synchronous motors. An uneven air gap, usually from badly worn sleeve bearings, also pr oduces electrical unbalance. The chief causes of mechanical unbalance include a distorted mounting, bent shaft, poorly balanced rotor, loose parts on the rotor or bad bearings. Noise can also come from the fan hitting the frame, shroud, or foreign objects inside the shroud. If the bearings are bad, as indicated by excessive bearing noise, determine why the bearings failed.Brush chatter is a motor noise that can be caused by vibration or other problems unrelated to vibration. WINDINGS: Care of Windings and Insulation Except for expensive, high horsepower motors, routine inspections generally do not involve opening the motor to inspect the windings. Therefore, long motor life requires selection of the proper enclosure to protect the windings from excessive dirt, abrasives, moisture, oil and chemicals. When the need is indicated by severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures, routine testing can identify deteriorating insulation.Such motors can be removed from service and repaired before unexpected failures stop production. Whenever a motor is opened for repair, service the windings as follows: 1. Accumulated dirt prevents proper cooling and may absorb moisture and other contaminants that damage the insulation. Vacuum the dirt from the windings and internal air passages. Do not use high pressure air because this can damage windings by driving the dirt into the insulation. 2. Abrasive dust drawn through the motor can abrade coil noses, removing insulation. If such abrasion is found, the winding should be revarnished or replaced. . Moisture reduces the dielectric strength of insulation which results in shorts. If the inside of the motor is damp, dry the motor per information in â€Å"Cleaning and Drying Windings†. 4. Wipe any oil and grease from inside the motor. Use care with solvents that can attack the insulation. 5. If the insulation appears brittle, overheated or cracked, the motor should be revarnished or, with severe conditions, rewou nd. 6. Loose coils and leads can move with changing magnetic fields or vibration, causing the insulation to wear, crack or fray. Revarnishing and retying leads may correct minor problems.If the loose coil situation is severe, the motor must be rewound. 7. Check the lead-to-coil connections for signs of overheating or corrosion. These connections are often exposed on large motors but taped on small motors. Repair as needed. 8. Check wound rotor windings as described for stator windings. Because rotor windings must withstand centrifugal forces, tightness is even more important. In addition, check for loose pole pieces or other loose parts that create unbalance problems. 9. The cast rotor rods and end rings of squirrel cage motors rarely need attention.However, open or broken rods create electrical unbalance that increases with the number of rods broken. An open end ring causes severe vibration and noise. TESTING WINDINGS Routine field testing of windings can identify deteriorating ins ulation permitting scheduled repair or replacement of the motor before its failure disrupts operations. Such testing is good practice especially for applications with severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures and for expensive, high horsepower motors and locations where failures can cause health and safety problems or high economic loss.The easiest field test that prevents the most failures is the ground-insulation or 127 megger test. It applies DC voltage, usually 500 or 1000 volts, to the motor and measures the resistance of the insulation. NEMA standards require a minimum resistance to ground at 40 degrees C ambient of 1 mega ohm per kv of rating plus 1 mega ohm. Medium size motors in good condition will generally have mega ohmmeter readings in excess of 50 mega ohms. Low readings may indicate a seriously reduced insulation condition caused by contamination from moisture, oil or conductive dirt or deterioration from age or excessive heat.One megger reading for a motor means little. A curve recording resistance, with the motor cold and hot, and date indicates the rate of deterioration. This curve provides the information needed to decide if the motor can be safely left in service until the next scheduled inspection time. The megger test indicates ground insulation condition. It does not, however, measure turn-to-turn insulation condition and may not pick up localized weaknesses. Moreover, operating voltage peaks may stress the insulation more severely than megger voltage.Experience and conditions may indicate the need for additional routine testing. A test used to prove existence of a safety margin above operating voltage is the AC high potential ground test. It applies a high AC voltage (typically, 65% of a voltage times twice the operating voltage plus 1000 volts) between windings and frame. Although this test does detect poor insulation condition, the high voltage can arc to ground, burning insulation and frame, and can also actually ca use failure during the test. It should never be applied to a motor with a low megger reading.DC rather than AC high potential tests are becoming popular because the test equipment is smaller and the low test current is less dangerous to people and does not create damage of its own. CLEANING AND DRYING WINDINGS Motors which have been flooded or which have low megger readings because of contamination by moisture, oil or conductive dust should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. The methods depend upon available equipment. A hot water hose and detergents are commonly used to remove dirt, oil, dust or salt concentrations from rotors, stators and connection boxes.After cleaning, the windings must be dried, commonly in a forced-draft oven. Time to obtain acceptable megger readings varies from a couple hours to a few days. BRUSH AND COMMUTATOR CARE Some maintenance people with many relatively trouble-free AC squirrel cage motors forget that brushes and commutators require more frequent routin e inspection and service. The result can be unnecessary failures between scheduled maintenance. Many factors are involved in brush and commutator problems. All generally involve brush sparking usually accompanied by chatter and often excessive wear or chipping.Sparking may result from poor commutator conditions or it may cause them. The degree of sparking should be determined by careful visual inspection. The illustrations shown in Fig. 5 are a useful guide. It is very important that you gauge the degree number as accurately as possible. The solution to the problem may well depend upon the accuracy of your answer since many motor, load, environmental and application conditions can cause sparking. It is also imperative that a remedy be determined as quickly as possible. Sparking generally feeds upon itself and becomes worse with time until serious damage results.Some of the causes are obvious and some are not. Some are constant and others intermittent. Therefore, eliminating brush sp arking, especially when it is a chronic or recurring problem, requires a thorough review of the motor and operating conditions. Always recheck for sparking after correcting one problem to see that it solved the total problem. Also remember that, after grinding the commutator and properly reseating the brushes, sparking will occur until the polished, brown surface reforms on the commutator. Figure 5. Degrees of Generator and Motor SparkingNOTE: Small sparks are yellow in colour, and the large sparks are white in colour. The white sparks, or blue-white sparks, are most detrimental to commutation (both brush and commutator). First consider external conditions that affect commutation. Frequent motor overloads, vibration and high humidity cause sparking. Extremely low humidity allows brushes to wear through the needed polished brown commutator surface film. Oil, paint, acid and other chemical vapours in the atmosphere contaminate brushes and the commutator surface. Look for obvious brush and brush holder deficiencies: 1.Be sure brushes are properly seated, move freely in the holders and are not too short. 2. The brush spring pressure must be equal on all brushes. 3. Be sure spring pressure is not too light or too high. Large motors with adjustable springs should be set at about 3 to 4 pounds per square inch of brush surface in contact with the commutators. 4. Remove dust that can cause a short between brush holders and frame. 5. Check lead connections to the brush holders. Loose connections cause overheating. Look for obvious commutator problems: 1. Any condition other than a polished, brown surface under the brushes indicates a problem.Severe sparking causes a rough blackened surface. An oil film, paint spray, chemical contamination and other abnormal conditions can cause a blackened or discolored surface and sparking. Streaking or grooving under only some brushes or flat and burned spots can result from a load mismatch and cause motor electrical problems. Grooved commutators should be removed from service. A brassy appearance shows excessive wear on the surface resulting from low humidity or wrong brush grade. 2. High mica or high or low commutator bars make the brushes jump, causing sparking. 3.Carbon dust, copper foil or other conductive dust in the slots between commutator bars causes shorting and sometimes sparking between bars. If correcting any obvious deficiencies does not eliminate sparking or noise, look to the less obvious possibilities: 1. If brushes were changed before the problem became apparent, check the grade of brushes. Weak brushes may chip. Soft, low abrasive brushes may allow a thick film to form. High friction or high abrasion brushes wear away the brown film, producing a brassy surface. If the problem appears only under one or more of the brushes, two different grades of brushes may have been installed.Generally, use only the brushes recommended by the motor manufacturer or a qualified brush expert. 2. The brush holder may have been reset improperly. If the boxes are more than 1/8†³ from the commutator, the brushes can jump or chip. Setting the brush holder off neutral causes sparking. Normally the brushes must be equally spaced around the commutator and must be parallel to the bars so all make contact with each bar at the same time. 3. An eccentric commutator causes sparking and may cause vibration. Normally, concentricity should be within . 001†³ on high speed, . 002†³ on medium speed and . 04†³ on slow speed motors. 4. Various electrical failures in the motor windings or connections manifest themselves in sparking and poor commutation. Look for shorts or opens in the armature circuit and for grounds, shorts or opens in the field winding circuits. A weak interpole circuit or large air gap also generate brush sparking. SAFETY ACCIDENT in industrial sector defines any incident which has potential to cause injury to human, loss of property and damage to environment. Causes for occurrence of accident * Unsafe Act * Unsafe Conditions Hazards * Conditions prevailing in work place finally leading to accidents.Types * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * Environmental Precautions * Look overhead * Watch steps * Wear shoes and helmets * Take care of the flow opening * Avoid lose clothing * Always carry your I-D card CONCLUSION In this project, I have studied the working of electrical repair shop and about the function of Bhilai steel plant. I have obtained some knowledge about * Rolling mill * Blast furnace * Electrical repair shop * Motor windings BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TAKEN DURING THE TENURE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRANING INTERNET: www. google. com INTRANRT: SAIL, BSP INTRANET SITE
“he Woman Hanging from the Thirteenth Floor Windowâ€Â
What would you do if you were given what you thought was the perfect life and it suddenly seemed to turn upside-down? Would you jump to your death or climb back up? â€Å"The Woman Hanging from the Thirteenth Floor Window†by Joy Harjo is a poem about a women who is lost in this big world we live in and trying to find herself while hanging from a thirteenth floor window. While this woman is hanging there she starts to have flashbacks about her life starting from her childhood up until now.The author goes into detail about why this woman is thinking about killing herself because of all the pressures of trying to be some she is not is catching up to her. This poem represents everyday people and how they first have to overcome themselves and their lives before they can truly move on. This poem is about a woman not trying to commit suicide but women who represent bigger picture.The woman represents anyone and everyone who has ever had problems piled up on them, the author uses eth os, pathos and logos to persuade how our social roles constrains who we are as people and because of this the women is hanging by a short thread trying to find herself and put all the piece to the puzzle of her life back together again. This woman hanging from the thirteenth floor is in Chicago, living in an Indian part of the city. â€Å"She sees Lake Michigan lapping at the shores of herself.It is a dizzy hole of water and the rich live in tall glass houses at the edge of it†(Harjo 311). The quote describes how the woman is so frustrated with her like that she takes something so beautiful like Lake Michigan and she turns it into everything she despises. This is a woman not just hanging from the thirteenth floor window, but also from a thread. She is a woman with many responsibilities, she is a mother to three kids, was a wife to the two husbands she has had and a daughter to her parents.This poem is about a woman who is always being stretched between two different people, she fills the responsibility that her family needs her to fill. As this woman is hanging from this thirteenth floor window she is thinking about her life and how her life is no longer just her life â€Å"She thinks of Carlos, of Margaret, of Jimmy. She thinks of her father and of her mother. She thinks of all the women she has been, of all the men. She thinks of the color of her skin, and of the Chicago streets, and of waterfalls and pines. (Harjo 311). This quote describes this woman with many different faces, with various personalities trying to find her-self. This poem is not telling a story of a woman hanging to her death, but a story about a women hanging by a thread thinking about her life, her past, her present and her future. Trying to figure out if she will be a failure to everyone and fall to her demise or will she be able to take all the pressures of the world and make herself stronger and clime back up that wall and be a success.In the poem â€Å"The Woman Hanging From the Thirteenth Floor Window†Joy Harjo is using rhetoric to try and pull the reader into the poem and get us to read in between the lines. Harjo does a great job of using all three ethos, pathos and logos to create a mood of hopelessness in the reader to attract the reader to the story thought the reader’s life experiences. The author Harjo uses Emotion based appeals to show the readers that they can connect to the characters’.She does this by showing the women and how her childhood wasn’t that good and how her life is falling apart as we read, she has no husband yet she has bin married twice and the only thing keeping her alive is her kids, â€Å"She sees other women hanging from many-floored windows counting their lives in the palms of their hands and in the palms of their children's hands. †(Harjo 311). In this quote the woman represents any and every woman that has ever felt like she cant go on because she feels like the weight of the world is on her shoulder.As the story progresses we start to see how the woman feels and we can start to put ourselves in her shoes. The author uses ethical based appeals to help the reader relate to superstations and being stressed. It is significant that the woman is hanging from that floor of this building in Chicago because many buildings do not designate a thirteenth floor due to the fact that the number thirteen is always associated with bad luck. She tries to convince us as readers that the women will â€Å"fall to her death†by adding superstitions that many people believe in.The author uses the woman to get the readers respect so she can convince the reader to respect her so that she would be someone worth listening to. The author also uses logos in her poem. Harjo uses logical based appeals by persuading the readers by the use of reasoning. The way she uses logos in the poem is by implying that if the women can overcome all the diversity in her community, and let her past s lip away and only live in the present and take the good from her life than the woman will live. If the woman can do that than she will fall off the wall and never be abele to clime back up.The author does a grate job of getting to the readers emotions in this poem because everyone will always have problems in their lives and will always have to deal with the pressure of life. The end of this poem is a paradox and leaves you with you own conclusion depending on how you see people. â€Å"She think she remembers listening to her own life break loose, as she falls from the 13th floor window on the east side of Chicago, or as she climbs back up to claim herself again. †(Harjo P. 312). This quote gives the hope that the woman chose to reset her life and to survive.It leaves the reader thinking about how they should change their life or how there will always be stresses in life but to never let that make you loose yourself This poem shows use how our social roles constrain who we a re as people. The poem teaches use how there is always something or someone to live for and how a story may not always have one specific ending but it is how you interpret the ending that makes the story what you want it to be. You learn that your actions don’t just affect you but they affect the world.In this case the woman hanging from the thirteenth floor chose her kids over herself because they were what she lived for. The hole story really takes place in the mind of ever person who has ever bin stressed and said to themselves is my life really worth it to save or not. So at the end in this poem â€Å"The woman hanging from the thirteenth floor window†by Joy Harjo the woman chose to forget everything and clime back up the wall. Life is all about choices and how those choices can shape a persons life.Works Cited Harjo, Joy. â€Å"The Woman Hanging From the 13th Floor Window†. Pearson Custom, NJ: Needham Heights, 2003. 310-312.
Monday, July 29, 2019
Widening Participation In Higher Education Policy Essay
Widening Participation In Higher Education Policy - Essay Example The gap between both the social groups was around 30%, a figure on the higher side. Some reasons that have been cited for this trend include the inability to bear the overall expenses of studying for a higher university degree, the desire to earn money rather than study, and the feeling that good institutions and good jobs are closed doors for them. Furthermore, it did not help matters that the ones in control had their own views about students and higher education. It was Margaret Thatcher and her government who ushered in New Right Ideology to deal with matters concerning higher education. These were her very words, "We are going much further with education than we ever thought of doing before" (Margaret Thatcher 196). This government took control in 1987, and their agenda can be summed up to include four major changes that they brought into the system. The first one was to make all educational institutions directly responsible for their finances and budgeting. It resulted in fierce competition between schools and colleges, since those that exhibited wonderful results in external examinations would be favored with more finances. Scholarly pursuits got relegated to the background, and the focus was shifted to attracting as many students as possible to respective institutions. This had not been the old pattern of thinking. In e arlier days, the bureaucracy interfered as less as possible, believing that universities and institutions were meant for intellectual development more than anything else. Advertisements for academic posts contained phrases such as-"used to introducing commercial thinking", "excellent strategic and financial skills", "naturally authoritative and decisive leader", "commercial acumen", "strong strategic awareness", "creative visionary", "energy, resilience with the ambition to drive the organization forward"-and so on. These were discovered by Professor Rosemary Deem, Lancaster University's Department of Education Research. Managerialism had thus entered the field of education. The techniques, values and practices from the commercial sector made an entry into the higher educational arena. Though these managers did strive Last Name 1 towards excellence, they also tended to subject everything to minute scrutiny, resulting in a lot of dissatisfaction all round. Next on the agenda was governmental control over institutions offering higher education. This could be termed as the Rationalist approach. Funds would not be allocated to whoever asked for them; the government would take up "rationing of funding". Furthermore, a national curriculum would be prepared and this had to be followed diligently. Based on how well the teachers delivered that curriculum to the students, the institution would receive its share of finances for its functioning. There were also detailed directives given as to how the curriculum was to be delivered. And no one was allowed to take liberties with it, considering that government-appointed inspectors would be making their rounds. Their final reports carried a lot of value, for higher education could not be
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Cultural competence in nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Cultural competence in nursing - Research Paper Example The first national identity is the national anthem. National anthem was composed at the start of the country’s first war of independence in 1868.Its symbolizes a call to arms that evokes the image of the country’s poor peasants in Bayamo. The second national symbol is the country’s flag. The white stars on it represent Masonic lodges in which the fight against its enemy, Spain was organized (Kapcia, 2005). Lastly the country third national symbol is flag of the 26th July movement. This flag is used as a symbol to remember and honor Castro’s attack on the army barracks. It serves as a symbol of the country resistance from dictatorship of imperialism of the U.S. Question 2 Willingness of Cubans to share their thoughts, feelings, and ideas Cubans are very friendly and open in their communication. They normally share their problems, ideas, thoughts, concerns, and also many details relating to their personal life with other co workers (Herrera, 2011). Cubans te nd to regularly share their thoughts and ideas with other Cubans. They are mainly spotted standing closer to each other in public places as the converse and share their thought with their friends. Cubans take it as a taboo to discuss about their country’s government, political or social situation whenever they are talking to a stranger whom they don’t have a close relationship with (Herrera, 2011). This is because the socialism form of governance in the country is not a democratic system thus people are afraid to be labeled as enemies of government, thus they avoid any political, government, and social discussion with strangers and government officials. Question 3 Practice and meaning of touch in Cuban culture Cubans highly embrace the power of touch in their daily lives. Touching is considered as a sign to show affection to your friends and close relatives (Kapcia, 2005). Touching your friends and relatives does not indicate any sign of sexual attraction to the other person, thus it is culturally accepted. Both men and women, ensure there is fair amount of touch amongst themselves during conversations periods.Usually,whenever men are greeting one another, they shake hand, and even to some extent close friends engage in giving each other a firm hug, which may be followed by a few slaps on the back. This is a sign of appreciation and showing friendship amongst themselves. Whenever the male is greeting a person of opposite gender, mostly a handshake will do. But to family members and close friends, a light kiss on the cheek is shared (Kapcia, 2005). To women, whenever they are greeting each other, they mainly kiss each other once in the cheek. Question 4 Personal spatial and distancing strategies used by used by Cubans when communicating to their friends and families versus when communicating to strangers In Cuba, when an individual is communicating with a family members, friends, and also co workers, he or she tends to maintain a very short distan ce. Cubans perceive a distance of more than three feet’s between the communicators as a factor that hinder their communication efficiency (Herrera, 2011). They always step closer to a range of one foot distance to be more comfortable as they speak to their friends and relatives. However, whenever they are speaking to strangers, Cubans always tend to maintain a distance. This clearly shows that Cubans always prefer standing close to one another whenever they are talking to a person they know well as opposed to talking to a stranger, when they keep a far
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Marketing channel article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Marketing channel article - Essay Example The competition is reacting accordingly in order to ensure Amazon does not steal market share away from them. â€Å"Companies like Walmart, Best Buy and Toys â€Å"R†Us have already announced that they will not be undersold and will match any competitors’ prices in a printed flyer or website†(Loeb). The use of a matching pricing strategy can help retailers retain market share, but it does so at the expense of lowering profitability. The pricing strategies that are being used by major retailers are benefiting the customers who are going to be able to obtain bargain prices on many products. Best Buy plans to match competitors prices as well, but this firm believes that they have a competitive advantage over Amazon because they are able to physically show its customers the products they want to buy in their showrooms, while at the same time offering great prices though its website. For other retailers such as Toys R Us Christmas season is more important to them since most of their yearly sales are dependent on the arrival of Santa Claus on Christmas. A matching pricing strategy was an obvious move for them due to their dependency on Christmas sales. Amazon is leading the pack this Christmas season by offering daily sales on a high variety of items. The pricing strategy of Amazon intends to increase its market share as much as possible. It all starts on Black Friday for Amazon with deals on popular items such as sm artphones, diamond rings, and Wrangler jeans. After Black Friday the company intends on adding deals each day on different items in order to motivate buyers to make purchases. Last year Amazon lead the industry with 2,840 prices changes on Black Friday. Most of the prices changes were down, but some went up in order to offset the loss of profitability of reducing prices. This article showed that pricing is a critical factor that affects the buying behavior of consumers. Companies competing for market shares
Friday, July 26, 2019
Interview with entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Interview with entrepreneur - Essay Example The reason why these individuals will propose to be their own bosses is because of the various merits that are associated with entrepreneurship. Some of the benefits are becoming their own bosses as well as the ability to enjoy freedom on the areas of businesses (Erik, 2011). The creativity and innovative nature of an individual molds the entrepreneurship skills in them. Since the 1700s many creative and innovative young professionals have become entrepreneurs and the driving force behind their entry into entrepreneurship world are the various benefits that are associated with entrepreneurship (Erik, 2011). Good practice of entrepreneurship requires application of qualities like dedication, flexibility, determination, and creativity. CHAPTER ONE Introduction The process of entrepreneurship starts with introduction of new things in areas where those introduced things are missing. Once the new things have been discovered these things are combined with the already existing resources (Er ik, 2011). The process of combination of these things with the already existing resources entails creativity. ... The generation of their energy takes place internally because of their focused minds and the urge to achieve success in all that they do. Possession of naivety and smartness at the same time These people tend to have high level of intelligence as well naivety in venturing into new areas (Brown, 1989). The naivety originates from divergent thinking since this thinking is associated with separation of good ideas from bad ones. Ability to combine both discipline and playfulness Creative people are always capable of combining both irresponsibility and responsibility quality and they are able to work late at night unlike uncreative individuals (Brown, 1989). Ability to navigate between imagination and fantasy Creative people always have a sense of reality and this reality emerges from imagination that these people obtain from art and science. Possessions of introversion and extraversion These possessions are able to differentiate the personality traits in individuals and measurement of th ese differences is possible. Studies have shown that these qualities can be both found in creative people. Stephen Murtagh seems to have much of the above qualities and this is because through his efforts AW Bell Machinery manufacturing firm was able to emerge as a medium company for the year (Casey, 2013). The company was not able to export its products in previous years and through his effort they were able to reverse this culture and the company could now export most of its products as well as to come up with innovative and creative products. CHAPTER TWO-Literature review According to Teresa Amabile (1988), some of the factors that enhance individual creativity are self motivation, cognitive
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Cf child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Cf child - Essay Example All identified effects of the exercise were positive induced emotional and physical status as well as the children’s self worth. The children’s willingness to engage in the practice was however low and parents’ support for the exercise program was poor. While outpatient exercise offers a solution to cystic fibrosis among children, its implementation has not been embraced and this could account for the persistent incidence rates. Validity and reliability of the study, based on the empirical approach over a long period, means that exercise is effective for managing cystic fibrosis, and should therefore be prescribed to the patients (Gulmans, De Meer, Brackel, Faber, Berger and Helders 1999, p. 39-45). Another study on effects of physical exercise on cystic fibrosis condition supports significance of exercise as a management strategy. The study by Zach, Oberwaldener and Hausler that exposed cystic fibrosis victims to physical exercise, without any alternative management strategy, identifies both short term and long term effectiveness of physical exercise. Improvement in forced expiration, as the results showed, supports effectiveness of the exercise in resolving the respiratory inefficiency among the cystic fibrosis patients. The study’s results identify effectiveness of exercise as a management strategy because of improved airflow and muscle functionality. Even though the patients did not report improvements in their lung capacities, the positive changes that the treatment induced mean that exercise is an effective strategy. Exercise if further a natural approach and therefore offers better safety, because of freedom from potential adverse effects of chemicals in industria l medications that have been used to manage cystic fibrosis. The empirical results can therefore be used to support application of exercise as a safe and effective alternative to management of cystic fibrosis (Zach, Oberwaldener and Hausler 1982, p. 587-
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
The Age of Revolution 1789-1849 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The Age of Revolution 1789-1849 - Essay Example Along with the common for many countries of Europe task – the destruction of the feudal rule, which was slowing down the development of capitalism – the revolutionary movement in the certain countries had the special purposes as well. Revolution proceeded differently depending on the situation, on historical conditions and a ratio of class forces. In France where with feudalism and absolutism came to the end during the revolution of 1789-1794, the overthrow of exclusive domination of the financial aristocracy and the establishment of domination of bourgeoisie class was an objective problem of the revolution of 1848-1849. In Germany, the main goal of the revolution was the elimination of political dissociation, creation of the state unity. In Italy, the same task was supplemented with a problem of release of northern part of the country from the Austrian dominion. In Austria, the revolution of 1848-1849 had to finish a reactionary system of Habsburg monarchy and release the oppressed people from national enslavement Active participation of working class, which in the majority of the countries was the main driving force of the revolution, was the main feature of events of 1789-1849. In 1848 the working class for the first time in the history of revolutions declared its political and economic requirements, for the first time in such extensive scale showed itself as a special class, essentially hostile not only to feudal but also bourgeois rule
Organic solar cells Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Organic solar cells - Literature review Example The development of the photovoltaic cell is important for the future alternative energy production in the global community (Mihailetchi, 2005; Williams, 2010). Due to the importance of harvesting solar energy, the continuous development of solar cells is one of the most important developments in the conversion of solar energy. Dendrimer is a significant technology in light-harvesting due to the efficiency (Andrews et al., 2009). Organic solar cells are photovoltaic cells with organic make-up used due to different advantages for the light absorption process and transfer of energy. Initially, the photovoltaic cells are made with crystal silicon photovoltaic are used. Due to the fixed bandgap energy and high cost of production, new materials for solar cells had been developed. The organic solar cells are referred to as second generation photovoltaics which had different advantages such as lower manufacturing costs and higher power conversion efficiency (Williams, 2010, p.2). Organic solar cells are solar cell consisting of organic materials. A solar cell is a composed of one or more light-absorbing layers between two electrodes. One of the layers is for passage of light. The active layer can release free carriers upon the absorption of light which then gather at the electrodes. In the organic solar cells, the main difference is the material for the active layers. It is composed of thin films of organic semiconductors formed through solution-based polymeric materials or through thermal evaporation for small-molecule materials (William, 2010, p.3). Photovoltaic behaviour of organic solar cells is the main basis of the function and the advantage of the said type of thin film solar cells. Organic semiconductors, such as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), use plastic or glass substrates with
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Critical Review - Essay Example In general, there is a strong relationship between the oil prices in the world market and the number of registered vehicles in each country (Kenworthy). Basically, when oil prices in the world market suddenly increases, the urban transport systems within the U.S. will be negatively affected. To avoid sudden disruption in the U.S. transport system, the U.S. government is being challenged to promote the efficiency with the excessive consumption of crude oil on vehicles. Aiming to solve the vehicle problem related to energy wastage, air pollution and traffic congestion, a list of recommended strategies that can reduce the U.S.’s automobile dependence will be thoroughly discussed. There is a strong relationship between the high cost of maintaining private vehicles and the use of public transportation. (Kenworthy and Laube) Since the U.S. urban cities consume a large volume of gasoline for transportation use as compared to other developed countries like Canada and Europe (Kenworthy; Kenworthy and Laube; Khisty and Ayvalik), government internvention is necessary to effectively control the number of private and public transportation that travels around the city each day. As recently proposed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, there should be a US$0.50 cents increase in transportation sales taxes in order to solve the problem related to highway congestion (McGreevy and Vogel). Aside from increasing sales tax from the costs of public transportation, there was also a plan to increase the state excise tax on the sales of gasoline (Riphagen). Because of the added tax on gasoline, more people with private vehicles would eventually consider the use of public transportation like AC Transit or BART. On top of increasing the costs of gasoline through excise tax, increasing the number of metered parking places throughout each state is another way to encourage the people to reconsider taking the public transportation, the use of bicycle, and/or walking (De Turenne;
Monday, July 22, 2019
Duck hunting in ND Essay Example for Free
Duck hunting in ND Essay BOOM! Then, dead silence. The water ripples as the smell of gun powder fills the air. The victim is seen helpless by the hunter. Now if this is what sounds like a thrill to you, duck hunting is the way to go. If someone were to ask me what my favorite hobby is, I would have to say duck hunting in North Dakota. Some may not consider it a hobby because I only duck hunt four days a year, but I still do. I also duck hunt behind our house on Trident Lake another three to ten days a year. Duck hunting is very different from other types of hunting. Usually hunters have to be still and quiet when deer and turkey hunting. When duck hunting, a necessity is to keep the eyes down. It doesn’t matter if talking or moving is involved, as long as the duck can’t see the hunter’s eyes. The process of preparing to go duck hunting is quite tedious. A hunter must pack thoroughly, not just the average cooking utensils but also: duck calls, blinds, seats, clothes, food, a trailer, decoys, guns, and much more. I usually prepare for North Dakota a week early, because I feel so excited, which gives me more time to become prepared. Usually I go with my dad and my sister, but the year I am going on the â€Å"man†trip with my dad and uncle. It will be more fun in my eyes, because I am with more experienced hunters, and that makes the trip easier. People might be wondering why I need all these decoys and duck calls. They are quick to learn once I tell them. When hunting for ducks around Polk County, Wisconsin, there are two main type of ducks, Mallards and Wood ducks. Occasionally there will be a Buffle Head or two, but not very often. In Verona, North Dakota, there are many ducks my dad and I shoot. These ducks are that my dad and I shoot are: Pintails, Shovelers, Mallards, Northern Mallards, Widgeon, Red Heads, Blue Bills, Buffle Head, Gadwall, Ring Necks, Coots, Canvasbacks, Diver Ducks, Green Wing Teal, Blue Wing Teal, and Hooded Mergansers. If people think sixteen is much, just remember that there is a female to every male. It’s very interesting to hunt ducks in North Dakota. It’s not like anyone can just travel out of state and hunt ducks. To hunt in North Dakota, it requires and out-of-state license and knowledge of the daily bag limit for each type of duck. Some ducks are what hunters call, â€Å"banded†which means the Federal Fish and Game Wildlife Service puts a metal ring around the duck’s foot. After that duck is shot, the Federal Fish and Game Wildlife Service can tell the hunter where the duck was banded. Then a free picture frame with the certificate of authentication will be sent to the hunter’s home. It’s an amazing experience for someone like me who has been hunting for three years to shoot a banded duck. My dad has been hunting for 15 years and has only shot one. Now with a general understanding of what it’s like to be a duck hunter, I will go into some more in-depth daily routines. When traveling to go hunting, my dad and I usually wake up at about 5:30 in the morning. Once we are dressed for the, 0-45 degree Fahrenheit temperature, we can pack up and leave. Generally scouting for a hunting spot is done by good hunters a day in advance. This process can take anywhere from one to six hours. To find the perfect pothole, also known as freshwater marshes found in the Upper Midwest and especially North Dakota, just look for where the ducks are landing and set up in that spot the next morning. Once we travel to the pothole, we find a place in the cattails reeds or on land to put our guns, ammunition bag, buckets to sit on and miscellaneous items. Decoys are then set out strategically according to the wind and what type of ducks we are hunting for. Now all the preparation is put into action, as the hunting begins. Imagine sitting in the middle of the pothole at 6:45 in the morning, with ducks flying unknowingly to the water surrounded by two armed hunters. Imagine seeing the sunrise above the wind breakers, made of trees, a beautiful orange and red glow. Imagine hearing coyotes howling all around the water, as the hunter patiently waits for the shooting hour to arrive. Then the clock hits 7:15, just as the sky is visible enough to see. Ducks are flying all around, with their wings cupped and ready to land into the wind at your direction. The first shot burst out, as an echo is heard in the distance, leaving a glowing red out of the end of the 12 gauge’s barrel. Smoke fills the air, and it’s time to wake up and have some fun! When ducks are flying in the sky, they fly in a â€Å"V†shape and land into the wind. The cattail reeds around are five to eight feet tall and are broken down to be used as a gun rest and as a shooting lane. Ducks are flying in as the hunter stars the female Mallard comeback call, to bring the drakes and hen Mallards in. The ducks lands in the pothole with wings cupped and the perfect time to pull a gun up as a hunter is right before the ducks bring their feet out to land. Once this is achieved by the hunter the ducks are defenseless, not knowing whether to fly up or just land in the water. It’s almost as if the ducks are levitating in air. As a hunter, this is the prime time to shoot at the ducks. Once the duck is hit, preferably in the head or torso, it hits the water causing a rippling effect. Diver Ducks try to dive under once hit, and drown the-selves in the weeds. Most other ducks do the circle of death, where a duck flaps it’s wings around in a circle on the water, just before dying. Understand this, there is something that is different about killing ducks than other animals. When a duck is flying 30 mph in the air, they are pretty hard to hit. But when a deer is standing still, it feels too easy to shoot. As a hunter, I take some self-pride in killing a duck, almost as if I achieved something by hitting it. Therefore, anyone else reading this that duck hunts should to. A lesson learning incident took place while duck hunting one time. I was looking to the left for ducks in the air and before I knew, there was a duck heading straight for my face. As I turned right I saw the duck five feet from my face, the feeling can’t even be put into words! Many may not believe me, but when that duck flew by my head, it literally sounded like a jet taking off. I’m not sure if it has to do with the wing structure on the duck, or air current resulting in the extremely loud sound. This just goes to show, that every hunter has to stay alert. Duck hunting is full of surprises, for the good and bad. When taking a shot at just one duck or a flock, it is critical to make sure that the ducks is in range. Most hunters typically say no more than 30 yards away. Range for shooting a duck all has to do with how a hunter has his BB pattern laid out. The spread on a shotgun is set wide for smaller distances and more BB spread, and tight for farther shot and less BB spread. Another reason why a hunter should take caution when shoot is because, ammunition is very expensive. A box of Black Cloud 12 Gauge 3in 1 1/4oz shells, which are great to hunt with, cost $20. 49 for a box of 25 shells. Another way to say it is, shooting a dollar out of the barrel every shot. For me and I imagine other hunter, when it’s all in fun for the love of the sport, cost doesn’t really seem to matter. The land hunted on in North Dakota is usually owned by farmers. We have to ask permission to hunt on private land. Usually the farmers are reasonable and for letting us hunt we give them a jar of maple syrup. I would suggest to anyone hunting on private land, to ask permission and give something to the owner in return. Since most fields are bean and corn fields, the farmers don’t have much maple syrup because of very few maple trees. They are very thankful, and love when we give them the maple syrup. Ducks aren’t necessarily a favorite of ours to eat, so as another act of thanks, we cut up the duck’s breast and give it to the farmer. Usually the Gadwalls and the Northern Mallards will have the biggest breast meat. While the Teal have much smaller breast meat. If someone wanted to write a 20 page paper on the basics of duck hunting, I think it would be very achievable. As the reader can tell, there is much more beneath the surface than just shooting a duck and calling it good. Knowledge about the sports and its regulations need to be known to succeed. I would highly recommend duck hunting to anyone, it is by far my favorite animal to hunt. If there is a region close to you that is swampy and vegetated, chances are it will be a good place for a duck to eat and become a target. In conclusion, I hope anyone who reads this can take in the consideration I have for the love of duck hunting and make it their love too. I want everyone to take what they learned and tell it to other people, so they too can have an amazing hobby of duck hunting. Just remember, if having a good time and shooting ducks sound like fun, this is the sport for you!
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Zea Mays Mendelian Inheritance Pattern
Zea Mays Mendelian Inheritance Pattern Mendelian Genetics Rough Draft Hypothesis I (Theory of Segregation) At anaphase I of meiosis, gamete formation causes a separation of alleles in a diploid organism. When the chromosomes separate each individual will receive an equal chance of inheriting a dominant or recessive allele from the mother or father. Because an albino and green offspring were observed within the same generation, the parents must be heterozygous since two recessive alleles must be inherited by the offspring to express a recessive albino trait following Mendels 3:1 (green: albino) ratio. Hypothesis II (Theory of Independent Assortment) During metaphase I of meiosis, the allele pairs of different genes will independently segregate from each other during the formation of gametes. The inheritance of an allele is independent of other pairs of alleles due to random alignment of chromosomes. Because there were two heterozygous plants for both height and color and were crossed, their offspring will follow Mendels ratio of 9:3:3:1. Materials Methods Obtaining and Maintaining Corn To assess the inheritance patterns of Zea Mays (corn plants) that contain chlorophyll and no chlorophyll and whether the phenotypes height is normal or dwarf in green or albino plants, the study was conducted at Pacific Lutheran Universitys Carol Sheffels Quigg Greenhouse. The trays of corn plants were monitored under artificial lights, controlled temperature, and watered by a student worker for approximately two weeks. Determining Green vs. Albino Seven trays of monohybrid corn plants were observed, and the height and color were used to describe the plants phenotype. Determining Normal vs. Dwarf Green vs. Albino Five trays of dihybrid corn plants were observed to distinguish between green and albino from normal and dwarf. For the dihybrid cross, they were observed using the inheritance of two genes, color, and height. The normal green height plants are dominant presented themselves as tall, spread out, and leaves were narrower, whereas the albino normal height plants are recessive and were portrayed as thin, lack of chlorophyll, and were wrinkly. The green dwarf plants had chlorophyll and were shorter, whereas the albino dwarf plants displayed a wrinkled texture and brown leaves. If some of the corn plants displayed brown or died over the course, they were omitted from this experiment. Data Analysis Determining the phenotypic ratio of the dihybrid cross, of the normal green height as well as green-dwarf, albino-normal height, and albino-dwarf seedlings, their predicted frequencies were determined using a Punnet square to calculate the possible genotypes and albino offspring to be present. Once these were determined, they were computed to conclude the frequencies for the monohybrid and dihybrid cross through a Chi2 test to get the expected and observed values. Results Table 1: Compares heterozygous seedlings that display the predicted number of green (G) and albino (W) when observing the phenotypic traits of chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll plants by Mendels first law of Segregation, (N=424) Zea Mays. Phenotype Predicted # of offspring Observed # of offspring G (chlorophyll) 318 354 W (non-chlorophyll) 106 70 The observed values were close to the phenotype prediction in the monohybrid cross, 75% displayed a dominant trait, and 25% a recessive trait. The expected and observed, (X2= 12, df = 1, p > 0.05), were not statistically significant. Table 2: Compares the predicted and observed phenotypes of green normal and dwarf height and albino normal and dwarf height offspring phenotypes as predicted by Mendels Theory of Independent Assortment to the number of observed phenotypes. Phenotype Predicted # of offspring Observed # of offspring Green / Normal Green / Dwarf Albino / Normal 152 51 51 151 71 15 Albino / Dwarf 16 34 Observed traits of normal vs. dwarf green plants and albino plants, the phenotypic frequencies expected value did not follow Mendels ratio of 9:3:3:1. The observed values, (X2 = 53.5, df = 3, p Conclusions   Our study supports the Mendelian inheritance pattern of Zea Mays that both the parent strains on the monohybrid cross (Table 1) were heterozygous. The expected and observed, (X2= 12, df = 1, p > 0.05), were statistically significant with Mendels first law of segregation expressing green or albino following the phenotype ratio of 3:1. Whereas, the parent strains on the dihybrid cross (Table 2) the observed values for the albino normal and albino dwarf (X2 = 53.5, df = 3, p
Management Decision Making Process Commerce Essay
Management Decision Making Process Commerce Essay Decision making process is an important part of new era management. This is the main function of management where the manager responsibility to make a best decision. As define by Baker et al., (2002) in their study, efficient decision-making involve a series of steps that require the input of information at different stages of the process, as well as a process feedback. Managers also should have to involve and reponsibles in ensure the decision making in short-term and immediate goals are aligned to the oraganizations long term objectives. It is also supported by Schwarber (2005) study stated that, it would be a superoir managers responsible to develop decision making in management strategic and decide whom should be involved in the manaement decision making process. Daft (2010) claimed that the model of strategic management in decision making process were developed by Kepner and Tregoe in 1979. This model was also supported by other study Harrison (1996), and Lunenburg (2010) in ap plying Kepner and Tregoes decision making process model, (Harrison,1996; Lunenburg, 2010; Mcshane Glinow, 2010). The function of decision making is to setting managerial objective, searching for alternative, compare and evaluate alternative (Harrison, 1996). According to the rational model, the decision making process can be illustrate into six steps (Lunenburg, 2010). See Figure 1: The first component of decision making process is recognizing the requirement of decision. The requirement can be as a problem or opportunity. A problem can be occurs when the company or organization performance are below their target and unsatisfied. An opportunity will occur when the manager see the good potential to make their achievement exceed their target. Effective leaders would recognize problem situation and play a vital role in coming up with the best possible solution in the decision making process, (Schwarber, 2005). The process of identifying problems requires to be alerted and pay attention towards the internal and external environment, that would be affect the organization directly or indirectly. The external environment would be provided the information towards organizations in assessing their strengths and weaknesses of the organization along with the opportunities and threats in the external environment (Harisson, 1996). Problem situation plays a major role in subse quent steps, thus managers must determine and define the problems situation specifically in achieving the desired outcomes (Lunenburg, 2010). Besides, managers need to recognize the conflicts happened in the organization promptly to makes the effectiveness of management decision making by take in account the element of the internal and external environment (Elbanna, Ali, Dayan, 2011). Problem situation plays a major role in subsequent steps, thus managers must determine and define the problems situation specifically in achieving the desired outcomes (Lunenburg, 2010). For example, the manager of Sugar Bun and other top management are analyse the causes of their business are running with less customer compared to KFC. They also have to recognize the main factors of what and why the problems had happened. After recognized the problems in organization, the second step is generate the alternatives of the recognized problems. In generating the alternatives they should involve numbers of person to help the manager in obtain the needed information, come up with the creative alternative and gain comment (Schwarber, 2005). This is because in this step manager should have generated as many alternative of action as possible to solve the problem. This actually can be done by brainstorming. One of these techniques in brainstorming process is brain writing (Brown Paulus, 2002). A study by Wang (2000) found that in brain writing, group members wrote their ideas on a piece of paper and passed them on to the next group member, who read the ideas, added his or her on idea and passed the paper on. However, there are a few other techniques that can be used in order to accomplish brainstorming process such as mind mapping, restating purposes and weaving points across topic The more important the decisi on toward the organizations, thus it would be lead the more in developing alternatives in achieving the solution of the recognized problems (Lunenburg, 2010). In the situation of company Sugar Bun, after they recognized the poor services as the main problems, the top managements will delegates the task to employees to do brainstorming in creates as many as possible of the alternatives to solve these problems. The potential for generating a lot of ideas is one of the reasons for group brainstorming become the most favourable option for Sugar Bun to choose the best alternative for their recognized problems. Third step in decision making process is evaluates the alternatives in achieving the organization desired outcomes. This step is important to choose the best alternative. In this step, management can rate their alternative and analyse the alternative of causes and effects of choosing among these alternatives (Harrison, 1996). The alternative that is chosen must be acceptable to those who must live with the consequences of the decision. In the Sugar Buns business situation, after they describes all the alternatives in solving the recognized problems, they will evaluate each of the alternatives and select the most promising of several alternative course of action. Sugar Bun rates the alternatives based on what is most important and that would be attract customers to come to their restaurant. The fourth step is choosing an alternative. Managers would evaluate the requirements and generate alternatives in achieve the desired organizations goal, (Baker et al., 2002). The basic judgment should be close to the outcomes or the consequences of the alternative come to achieve the desired goals of company, (Lunenburg, 2010). Among of these alternatives, they found that they should either give more training to their staff or improve the facilities in Sugar Bun Restaurant. This is the alternatives they should be considered in solving the service problems in Sugar Bun. Normally, manager was choosing the decision with the least amount of risk and uncertainty. For example, Sugar Bun are choosing the first alternative to solve the problem which is they have to improve the training to their staff. This alternative can make the customer satisfied with the service and will come to their restaurant again. The fifth step in decision making process is implementing the alternative. Implementing the decision making process is to transform an abstraction into a reality operation in achieving the outcome (Harrison, 1996). A sound decision can fail if implemented poorly, (Lunenburg, 2010). This is the process where the management apply the alternative to their staff or subordinates. All staff who was involved with this decision must know their role to make the best outcomes. To make the employees understand their roles, managers must explain the procedures, rules and the detail about their objective to help them to participate in the problem solving decision. For the example of Sugar Bun, the upper echelons will implement the chosen alternative toward the employees in giving training to enhance their job performance, thus indirectly it will favourably affect the customers satisfaction in receiving good service quality. The evaluating decision effectiveness in decision making process is the final step. The implementing of alternative had to be monitored. An outcome is a consequence of decision making in choosing the given alternatives, (Harrison, Pelletier, Harrison, Pelletier, 2005). It is normally involve significant change in organization and may be also affects it stakeholders. An evaluation step should provide feedback on how well the outcome of the decision is being implemented, and the necessary adjustments are required to align with the organization desired goals (Lunenburg, 2010). Manager should gather the information to determine the successful or effectiveness of the decision. Lunenburg (2010) also stated that the evaluation is important because decision making is a continuous, never-ending process. For example, in Sugar Bun case, the manager has to observe the positive change in their daily operation in dealing with customers after the implementation of the decision done. The manager wo uld retrieve feedbacks from customers as monitor the new alternative of problem solving in order to achieve the desired outcomes. As the conclusion, decision making is a process involving choices. The process generally consists of several steps: identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, choosing an alternative, implementing the decision, and evaluating decision effectiveness (Lunenburg, 2010). Every step in decision making process is important and managers have to consider it. This is because management goals or targets cannot be achieved without proper decision making process.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Truth About Partial-Birth Abortion :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative
The Truth About Partial-Birth Abortion Three Works cited On June 28, 2000, Justice Clarence Thomas of the US Supreme Court explained a partial-birth abortion in his dissent re the court's ruling which overturned Nebraska's ban on such abortions: "After dilating the cervix, the physician will grab the fetus by its feet and pull the fetal body out of the uterus into the vaginal cavity. At this stage of development, the head is the largest part of the body. [. . .] the head will be held inside the uterus by the woman's cervix. While the fetus is stuck in this position, dangling partly out of the woman's body, and just a few inches from a completed birth, the physician uses an instrument such as a pair of scissors to tear or perforate the skull. The physician will then either crush the skull or will use a vacuum to remove the brain and other intracranial contents from the fetal skull, collapse the fetus' head, and pull the fetus from the uterus." (Thomas) Justic Thomas' statement describes the surrealistic administration of partial-birth abortion, or the near-complete delivery and then puncture-killing of the baby. Most people's consciences do not disturb them re this procedure because they do not fully understand that the killing occurs when the baby has been almost entirely delivered. A fully viable baby is killed! Regarding this approach to abortion, a common misunderstanding is reflected by a corrective letter to the Editor of the Wall Street Journal on May 14, 2001, which attempted to right certain wrong statements from a Journal article about partial-birth abortion: The Journal has informed its readers that partial-birth abortion is a "rare" procedure, "typically performed when the life of the mother is at risk, or the fetus is determined to have severe abnormalities" ("Drive to Ban Abortion Procedure Slows," April 27.) But those claims, fabricated by pro-abortion advocacy groups in 1995, had been thoroughly discredited by early 1997. The Journal said that "critics . . . contend the procedure sometimes is used in less dire circumstances." Actually, it was abortionists and their paid spokespersons who admitted that partial-birth abortion is routinely used for purely elective abortions, usually in the fifth and sixth months of pregnancy. For example, Ron Fitzsimmons, executive director of the National Coalition of Abortion Providers, told The New York Times that "in the vast majority of cases, the procedure is performed on a healthy mother with a healthy fetus" (Feb.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Our World In Medicine :: essays research papers
Our World In Medicine One of the most important factors about people's lives is the information of, the use of, and the growing knowledge of medicine. Medicine is a science that nations all over the world use. It is a science because it is based on knowledge gained through careful study and experimentation. Medicine is also an art form because it depends on how skillfully doctors and other medical workers apply their knowledge when dealing with patients.1 Medicine is one of the most respected professions. The two important goals of medicine are to save lives and to relieve suffering, which is why it is so respected. But the medical field is not open to anyone who wants to help. It takes many long years of college and medical school to get even a license to work with medicine.2 While some doctors are more important than others, almost all of them are on call twenty - four hour a day, seven days a week. Because they have to apply themselves to their job at all times, they are payed at very good wages. Human beings have been suffering from disease since they first appeared on the earth about two and one -half million years ago. Throughout most of this time, they knew little about how the human body works or what causes disease. But medicine has gone through many stages throughout history. In prehistoric times, people believed that angry gods or evil spirits caused disease. To cure the sick, the gods had to be pacified or the evil spirits driven from the body. In time, this task became the job of the first "physicians".3 The first - known surgical treatment was an operation called trephining. Trephining involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient's skull. Scientists have found fossils of such skulls that date back as far as 10,000 years. Prehistoric people probably also discovered that many plants can be used as drugs. For example, the use of willow bark to relieve pain probably dates back thousands of years.4 Today, scientists know that willow bark contains the important ingredients that is included in making aspirin. In the Middle East, the Egyptians began making important medical progress. Around 2500 B.C., Egyptian physicians began to specialize. Some physicians treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. Others specialized in internal diseases. Egyptian surgeons produced a textbook that told how to treat dislocated or fractured bones and as well as tumors, ulcers, and wounds.5 The civilization of ancient Greece was at its peak during the 400's B.C. Throughout this period, sick people flocked to temples dedicated to the Greek
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)