Assessing the Sainsburys customer perceived value

Assessing the Sainsburys node perceived protectThe Food retail Industry is a huge and prodigal growing industry in UK .It is a complex and diverse foodstuff dominated by sundry(a) man-sized companies such as Tesco, ASDA, J Sainsburys. wrong and prime(a) of trustys atomic number 18 the two key factors which the companies postponement in mind to increase their gross r yetue and defend their specify in this war-ridden grocery submit. In the course of study 2009, food retail recorded sales figures of GBP 297,478.9 million, on with providing employment to 11.6% of the workforce in UK (Euro monitor). It is forecasted, by the year 2014 the sales would go after(prenominal) GBP 350,000 million. (Euro monitor)This assignment stresses on the third largest food retail merchant store in UK, i.e. J Sainsbury.Sainsbury is a super grocery store which will operates its air in retail sector from the year1869. Sainsbury is started by James and Mary Ann Sainsburys. Sainsbury st raight off operates a total of 827 stores comprising 537 super grocerys and 335 convenience stores(J Sainsbury 2010) .With their presence in various separate(a) grocery stores such as financial gos and Property management, grocery retailing remains their core transmission line. In an industry which employs over 3,335,000 people and with sales figure of GBP 137,590 million (Euro Monitor), Sainsbury enjoys a commercialise shargon of 16% and serving 19 million nodes weekly with a increase whirl of 30,000.( J Sainsbury 2010)QUESTION-1 Using suitable models identify the guest perceived treasure for the clients for a product/division/ alliance of your choice.ANSWER-PART 1Customer valueDifference amongst what acustomersgets from aproduct, and what he or she has to bring out in severaliseto get it.http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer-value.htmlixzz16OyFiRFrCustomer value traceAbusinessor marketing description that summarizes why a consumer should defile a product or use a gain. This statement should convince a potential consumer thatone particularproduct or return will add muchvalue or wear out solve a problem than other similar offerings.http//www.investopedia.com/terms/v/value bid.aspTypes of CVP1. alone Benefits- benefits that an organization brings to its target customers. It tends to suffer from a lack of credibility when the value proposition is not distinguished from competitors or centeringed precisely on the unique commands of the customer.2. Favourable Points of Differentiation- it mainly emphasizes the key differences between a firms offerings and those of competitors at the customer interface. It eats into account the notion that the obtainer has substitutes. the likes of the in all benefits value proposition it lacks specialisedity relative to the buyer.3. Resonating Focus- Resonating focus talllights one or two critical differences between the firms offerings and those of competitors with the forethought t hat these differences gibe those aras that are nearly vital in the mind of the customer. While most effective, this value proposition takes considerable time to develop as it is strongly rooted in a deep understanding of customer needs.http//www.edbarrows.com/Resources/briefs/valueProposition.pdfIMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER VALUEA acceptable customer value proposition is a technique why a customer should buy a product and withal distinguish your product from competitors. Gaining a customers aid will help in growing sales instant(prenominal) and much(prenominal) than profitable, as well as increasing its market treat. Understanding customer needs is important because it helps promote the product. A denounce is the perception of a product or service that is designed to stay in the minds of targeted consumers. It is sought after to build a strong and positive brand association with your offering. ternion key dimensionsExtrinsic vs. intrinsic valueSelf-orientated vs. other-orie ntated valueActive vs. labile valuePART 2VALUE hint FOR SAINSBURYSainsbury maintain postgraduate prime(prenominal) of its services by keeping up high case product at a fair expenditure, by dint of well-kept populate with an attractive appearance to fast service and a friendly staff. Sainsbury ensures that all suppliers have been evaluated by Quality Attri thoe System (QAS) in order to provide quality product to the customer. It has antithetic expenditures which are suited to diametrical kinds of customer. Through the execution of high quality product Sainsbury has high price. as yet to adjust to the needs of slight wealthy clients it as well offers a panoptic selection of base product at a blue price. Sainsbury rush along is moderately-high. Sainsbury team is trying to swerve queues through with(predicate) recent introduction of wicket tills, self-checkouts as well as introduction of freshest s heap and pack system. Sainsbury also offers home base delivery whic h posterior be obtained the very next day. reliability is keeping a word to customers. Sainsbury provides customers quality product at a fair prices, fulfilling customer expectation for fresh, safe, healthy and tasty food. Sainsbury respects surround by using environmentally friendly packaging. Queuing time is powerable and deliveries are on time. Online Shopping at Sainsburys is also a great advantage. All the above provide ahigh level of dependabilityand are the reason why the Sainsburys brand remains on the market for 141 geezerhood, and this makes the Sainsbury differs from its competitors.Sainsbury started a naked aver preference the difference that aims to provide consumers intrust to discretion themselves at home, rather than spending funds in buying costly takeaways or eating outside.Sainsburys continuously investing in their clothing and home decor items to accelerate the growing in non-food sector so that they john finish up to more than customers so as to increase its market share and sales. (Euro monitor)Sainsburys continued launching innovate products, 1% fat milk was launched which was consumed by 2.5 million households due to which its sales for basics were up by 60%. (Euro monitor)QUESTION 2Critically evaluating value proposition of SainsburysVALUE PROPOSITIONSainsbury supermarkets follow the mission of being the customers first choice by its service and quality. Through the method of working simpler, unitedly and faster it delivers an outstanding good service and quality. Sainsbury accelerating its addition in non-food sector so as to reach more customers. Online facility provides its customers to shop online for non-food items also. The association has a solid brand value although discriminating competitive advantage is clearly missing. From a customer dose of view it is difficult to slot them in a specific category. The attach to is not able to create a good market which will make them distinguish from other supermarket s with concerns to price, quality, customer service and annoy to variety or inventory.Sainsburys was critized by the city for allowing Tesco in getting forrader in the market in terms of customer service, loyalty and price competitiveness. Sainsburys was also criminated for not promoting itself up to its standards and also running the same part of initiatives which was running by Tesco. So the Sainsbury has failed to promote its products and services. In the process to trace its mission, company has changed its marketing dodging and sold success full phase of the moony the home ground products in the chain of UK market and its business in Egypt. This changes the company to focus on food retailing and related activities.Sainsbury maintains 100% service level as the online business is growing rapidly. Even so, there are nigh issue that need to be developed for example delivering orders in full and on time. The online business is developing at a rapid fastness do gooding gr owth in overall market. During hectic periods picking large orders from stores could drop dead an issue.(http//www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf)MARKETING MIXThe marketing merge used by Sainsbury to gain its competitive advantage in its retailing sector -.Product Sainsburys mainly focused in developing new product and its food quality which will be healthier to the customers. It provides more than 350 variety range of foods product which is produced to protect its natural flavour and taste of the product. Currently it has touchd to developed more than 600 organic lines to provide best range of food and major growth in groceries, bakery, and frozen foods. It has also launched a product called Blue carrot Calf be intimaten for the clear labelling of pip-squeak products which mention clear details of the products. The Sainsburys continuously concentrating on development of its product by launching a new programme all(prenominal) year .Price Price is the important component of the marketing mingle for Sainsburys. Now a day Sainsburys is presenting its customers in UK the value for money. A lot of investment is do in upward(a) quality and productivity in order to load the overall cost. For the customers in UK Sainsbury is offering, exceptional value for the money and the aim of the company is to lead the quality and let the favoured in term for the customers all through the market. If the price is cut it is not easy to get back once more to the previous level without dissatisfying the customer. This is not decent for the business. Hence in short-circuit term price gain the store will be secondary affected where as in long term it would gain less positive. Sainsbury implemented a new strategy value for money after realising its price war in the market. A lot of investment is do in improving quality and productivity what it provides and efficiency of its activity in order to reduce the overall cost. The pur pose of implementing a new strategy is to achieve trust and value from the customer and continue its leadership.Promotion Sainsbury gain to build up its solid brand image among the customers through various promotions. It mainly focuses on its own brand rather than the promoting other brands which they tell on in the stores to form the greater wealth by its overall retail brand.Sainsbury uses different media for its promotion whereas TV, radio and advertising in cinemas to grow the company image. Sales promotions, merchandising and packing are also the key element for the promotion of the Sainsbury.Sainsbury launched Nectar Card as a main apparatus for its promotion. This card is forego for customers and gives discount points if customer used it in store at the time of shopping. Many other retailers are also using same type of promotions by issuing the card to customers and giving them free points for their money as these free points can be used automatically for discounts.Sains bury store staff wears named T-shirt of the supermarket to defer as a role player to serve people.Place As per the Sainsbury it has 872 stores across UK whereas 837 super markets and 335 convenience stores. conglomerate set up of stores are established across the country agree to the needs and satisfaction of the customers and area. Sum stores are opened 24 hours a day for the satisfaction of the customers.Sainsbury is making large chain stores in different locations to create a world folk distri besidesion of groceries and work more effectively.Conclusion-Here we can see that Sainsbury incessantly use the market mix to develop and implement its strategies by using the market mix. It satisfies the customers by improving the strategies which meet the needs of the customer. It always research on the market to k at one time the interest of a customer who is able to buy its products. It continues to implement the market segmentation to develop its business strategies which shows th e development of a business. Sainsbury use the market segmentation to display large variety of products and sell to deferent groups and to achieve large amount of sales overall. It offers a large number of products in a convenient location and opens the store for long hours. It also encourages the customers by easy cash options through debit card and credit card. It also offers the cash back facility to the customers on their purchases.http//katamaneni12.blogspot.com/2010/09/macro-environment-and-marketing-mix.html adversary AnalysisTESCO- Competitor Company ProfileTesco is started by Jack Cohen in 1919. Tesco is biggest food retailer in the world, having 2318 stores and giving employment to more than 470000 people who serve millions of customer around the world. Tesco has a largest market in UK, where it operates under signs of Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. Tesco offers more than 40000 products to customers including clothing and other non-food lines.Tesco vs. SainsburysTES CO MISSIONTESCO is to provide superior technical authority and to add value to a focused group of leading-edge, corporations by offering synergistic, valuable and highly innovate solutions for our customer design, procurement and manufacturing needs with continuous improvement of our quality, service and productivity to a completive advantage.TESCO VISSIONWhat sets TESCO apart from other distributors is our dedication to customers success, by bringing an in-depth knowledge of their technology and the value added services compulsory to truly support the customer. The result is cost-efficient, rapidly delivered technical superior products that the customers take pride in.(http//www.tescoinc.co.kr/tesco/ecompany1.php)MISSION STATEMENTSainsburys mission statementOur mission is to be the consumers first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together.Source Sainsbury weather vane siteSain sburys companys vision for growthSainsbury plcs present focus is to improve the deed of the core UK supermarket chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Through implementing Managing for cheer we will stretch our ambitions and scrap the conventional wisdom within the Company, thereby unlocking our potential and delivering value. Source Sainsbury meshing siteDIFFERENCESTRATEGIESSAINSBURY STRATEGYSainsbury aims to provide quality products and good service at a competitive price through working faster, simpler, together and aimed to be the consumer first choice for food. Through a balance in sales growth, reduction cost and on-going margin improvements, Sainsbury look forward to go along growth. The company is dedicated to achieving industry leading margins within a dynamic, competitive market and to delivering strong double digit necessary profit growth in each year of its business programme.TESCO STRATEGYTesco has make a good progress with its strategy which consists of five elements reflecting its four established areas of fatality and Tescos long term promises on environment and familiarity.The ideas of the strategy areTo be a successful international retailerTo develop the core UK businessTo be as strong in non-food as in food.To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.comTo put community at the heart of what we do.The market share of Tesco is 31.6% in the retail market and they also capture 50% of the grocery market share time Sainsbury has 16% and 22% of the market share respectively. Tesco sells massive products range and buy in big volume and sell it in cheap era Sainsbury buys product that are popular and their own branded product. 1/3 of the retail market is acquired by Tesco but Sainsbury is enabling to have this power.Tesco achieved its success by selling varieties of products it is located within UK as well as overseas, they target every peo ple. With this strategy Sainsburys have a difficult to keep up with Tesco. Sainsburys generally attract the middle class people with low class prices whereas Tesco attract all kind of people from all classes. Sainsburys is more come to about the quality of the food they provide their customers while Tesco is concerned about reducing prices to attract their customers.Tescos main advertising approach is money saving Every little help and Sainsburys Taste the difference stock-still during the crisis time they are one of the same. Sainsburys slip its second position in 2008, losing to Asda. Leader Tesco enlarged its market share in the year, moving ahead of Sainsburys. Sainsburys has less variety of non-food items as canvasd to Tesco. At the end of the evaluation period, non-food items were the reason for growth for the major supermarkets.( http//www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf)MANAGEMENTSainsbury chief executive officer Justin king has done a great job in strengthen the brand, improved turnover at a rate of 5.5% a year and profit increases by 6.7%. king main focus was on UK store expansion rather than overseas and total number of store has been change magnitude from 583 in 2004 to 827 today.Tesco CEO Sir Terry Leahy has different approach as compare to Sainsburys CEO Justin King. In his fourteen year term he has severely invested in overseas expansion. In 1999, within UK Tesco generated 90% of its turnover and now its less than 70%.GROWTH POTENTIALTesco has its setups in 14 countries but that doesnt mean Sainsburys lack growth opportunities. Sainsburys results in past years in the proof of this and continuing achieving high growth rate without international expansions. To hold out in this competitive market Sainsburys has done well by gap new stores across UK, adding new non-food products and banking services to existing stores.Tesco on the other hand, have more growth opportunities in Asia and other count ries. Tesco is a big player than Sainsburys, for example if we compare past twelve months results Tesco has 56.9 billion turnover versus Sainsburys 19.9 billion.(http//www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/company-comment/2010/07/16/a-foolish-fracas-sainsbury-vs-tesco.aspx)CUSTOMER OUTCOME AND EXPECTATIONfBrand image and relationship building in a business to company market depends on how well company satisfies its customers. Sainsbury keep high quality of its services by providing high quality products to customers at a fair price. It has different prices which are suited to different kinds of customer. It provide basic product at low price to customer with low income. Sainsbury want to make it easier for customer to shop ethically and sustainably so they making every effort to live up to their expectations. Therefore from the above model, which explains between the company service and quality Sainsbury can be placed into high quality as well as service offered by the company and reliable by customers.Question 3http//www.universityessays.com/example-essays/global-markets-sainsburys.phpMission statement serves a bivalent purpose by helping employees to remain dedicated on jobs as well as boosting them to find innovative ways of achieving company objectives so that productivity can be increased. It is common that large companies spend years and millions of dollars developing and refining their mission statement. refreshful MISSION STATEMENT OF SAINSBURYSTo become the UK best retailer company and earn customer lifetime reliability.NEW VISSION STATEMENT OF SAINSBURYSNEW VALUE PROPOSITIONSource Barnes, C. et. al., 2009 Creating and Delivering your value proposition p 31Market Sainsbury already caters to the middle class customers by providing products at affordable prices, but since Sainsbury maintains high quality amongst its products, the cost or so becomes high (in a comparative sense to its competitors). Sainsbury needs to provide these products at a more reasonab le price to cater to the working class as well and thereby expand its existing customer base.Value experience Benefits should include high quality at reasonable price. To reduce the travel costs Sainsbury needs to focus on locations of its stores so that they are effortlessly within the reach of its customers. Online sales should also be made easy. Complaints should be minimised by providing a good after sales service and monitoring customer feedback.Offerings Place should include a focus on central locations. Product should include highest possible quality at affordable prices, new and innovative products could also be introduced to increase sales. Since the financial downswing of 2008 had drastic effects on the economy, consumers are trying to save as much as possible hence Sainsbury needs to keep the prices of its products as low as possible. Promotion should involve promotion of sales through discount vouchers or limited offers (e.g. buy 2 get 1 free) and continuous advertising through all open media types.Benefits products need to be provided at the lowest possible price maintaining high quality. Constant customer feedback should be facilitated in order to keep track of its customers satisfaction.Alternatives and differentiation Since Sainsbury focuses on quality more than the price of its products. The quality of Sainsburys products is higher than most of its competitors, but this phenomenon is not the same when it comes to price. Sainsbury needs to balance between its price and quality since its competitors such as Tesco are providing products at a lower price that is offered by Sainsbury.ProofIMPLEMENTATION PLANBy using Ansoff ground substance tool for strategic marketing planning help to improve the position of J. Sainsbury. It accelerate to do best strategic direction depending upon the need/desire to penetrate existing or new markets with existing or new products. (http//www.emp.ac.uk/linspdfs/marketi2.pdf)If Sainsbury need to reconstruct their va lues, strengths and beliefs they need to split up their position in the existing market. They facing extreme competition in the real market they must innovate and improvise in new markets with their existing product offering.Partnership is a necessity in the domestic market since this is the founding of the business and its primary values. It will help the Sainsbury to rebuild its image and the company with existing customer by confirming them the best quality, best product offers at competitive pricing.Sainsburys need to improve in its Information engineering system so that information can be processed faster and stocks can be reloaded at a faster pace. The shelfs are always stocked well and the customers keep getting informed about the available varieties. All these hard work make the shopping experience sweet and satisfying for the customers.As the world faced recession almost globally, Sainsbury should stay off price related conflicts and must follow specific price strategy. Since customer will not be willing to pay high prices even for the best quality products hence low pricing should be plan for the quality product.Identify problems and in time solving them as promptly as possible so that they build strong communication at every step of the channel.To introduce some products this will give a comparative advantage over their rivals. Sainsbury should open topical anaesthetic stores in the city rather than on the outskirts of the city. Customer generally chooses to purchase in local shop rather than supermarkets to save time and money.Introduction of pay point or post office to the store would be a good idea to attract customers. The customer immediately after purchase can pay their bills without wasting time to reach these places elsewhere in the city.Sainsburys need to increase its online shopping service in non-food items, so that customer can shop online more comfortably.I would recommend Sainsburys to deliver every little helps to make it a hea lthier place for shop. Use simple processes so that shopping is better for customers, simpler for staff and cheaper for Sainsburys.

Are All Religions Basically The Same?

Are All Religions Basic aloney The Same?Imagine that cardinal people be all soupcon a part of an elephant. The archetypical is touching the elephants leg and says that the elephant is like the truck of a tree. The second is touching the elephants trunk and disagrees with the first. They think that the trunk is more like a puffy snake. The third person thinks that the elephant is more like a great fence in because they be toughing the side. distributively person is convinced that they be right and the assorteds are wrong because of what they know and have experienced. What they dont veridicalize is that they are all practicedly right because they are each(prenominal) describing a distinct aspect of the elephant. The resembling analogy fundament be employ to the major devotions of the world.In 1973, sewer bumpkin discussed the melodic theme for a paradigm shift in thought about disparate religions in his book divinity fudge and the Universe of Faiths. unsoph isticateds idea is that the different religions could be viewed as different human responses to wizard betoken reality In a later book, chawbacon presented a conjecture that attempted to explain all the religions. Hick refers to this opening as a pluralistic speculation and defines it as that all religions can be set forth as culturally conditi angiotensin-converting enzymed responses to the comparable ultimate reality.This theory faces one major difficulty though, the opposeing pick outs that each different religions move ins. How can it be contingent that all major religions are responses of the same ultimate reality if they contradict one a nonher? For a pluralistic view to be plausible, the opening has to sufficiently explain how religions can make incompatible claims while at the same time be responses of the same ultimate reality.To oercome this difficulty, Hick attempts to explain four full of life factors (1) people are inherently sacred (2) the substantial d iversity of the content of religious beliefs (3) that religious beliefs are non an illusion and (4) that basically every religion unconditionally channelises its followers lives.Hick doesnt spend several(prenominal)(prenominal) time on the first two factors because they are self-evident to approximately. To argue the third factor Hick examines naturalism and absolutism. naive realism is the belief that altogether natural laws and forces operate in the world and that nada outlives beyond the natural world. Hick believes that the universe can be soundless when looking at it from this perspective. What he does not find plausible with the claim is that all religious beliefs are delusional.Absolutism, in contrast to naturalism, generally accepts a realist view of religious phenomena. Absolutism is also setup so that unless one governance of religious beliefs is exactly true and all other religions which disagree with it are false. Hick rejects this attitude because although absolutism may appear plausible when looking at unaccompanied one religion, application to the real world leaves it highly implausible. Also if absolutism were true, existential evidence would exist to confirm it.It is obvious that different religions hold unlike beliefs on several(prenominal) aspects. It seems obvious enough also that almost every religion has positive moral change on its believers. So it implausible to believe that only one religion is true and it is the people who believe this that Hicks possibleness has the most appeal to because it provides the framework for the claim that any religion which positively affects its believers lives is valid. However, for the hypothesis to be plausible it must sufficiently cover the counterpoint truth-claims paradox.A difficulty Hicks pluralistic hypothesis faces is the conflicting belief systems of various religions. In Hicks book An Interpretation of Religion, Hick claims that all religions authentically experience what he defines as the corporeal. Yet each religion has beliefs that are different and lots contradict other religions. The question then is if different belief systems and conflicting truth-claims leaves Hicks pluralistic theory implausible.Hick does not believe that conflicting truth-claims disproves his theory simply they do present a difficulty. Hick devotes an entire chapter in An Interpretation of Religion to discussing them, covering three separate points on which religions work to disagree on. First are matters of historic fact, then matters of trans-historical fact and differing conceptions of the Real.Hick believes that these disagreements can be dogged by applying the historical method and it proves to be difficult. One reason is because many historical claims of religions have no other historical support outside the religion that makes them. Hick reasons that historical differences just must be accepted, because many are not over central articles of faith. Hicks basic a rgument is that most historical disagreements cannot be resolved and since the disagreements are not related to the essence of any religion, resolving them is not critical to the argument and therefore the disagreements do not create a problem for his hypothesis.Later in is his book, Hick considers conflicting trans-historical truth-claims. He defines them as having to do with questions to which there is, in principle, a true answer but which cannot be established by historical or other empirical evidence. Two examples he gives are the nature of the universe and the fate at finale of human beings.The nature of the universe has been a main quarrel between theistic and non-theistic religions. In applying Hicks definition, this is a dispute to which there is, in principle, only one valid answer. Nevertheless, the question cannot currently be answered, even out by modern science because current scientific cosmologies can be companionable with all perspective.The fate at death of hum an beings is some other example of conflicting trans-historical truth claims. This conflict mainly arises between eastern and western religions. Eastern religions emphasize multiple reincarnations or rebirths after death. westbound theistic religions claim though that a person lives a iodine life that is followed by judgment at death to determine their unfading fate.These points are important to Hicks pluralistic hypothesis. In Hicks examination of various religions, he does not directly getress different religions different beliefs of what happens at death because despite the differing beliefs, Hick reasons that every faith helps its people develop chastely which he believes is an essential result of the switch from self-centeredness to Reality-centeredness. On this basis, he argues that these differences do not hamper salvation/liberation and therefore do not present any problems for his hypothesis.In his book, Hick also examines conflicting beliefs about the ultimate Reali ty. Hicks hypothesis asserts that all religions are correct interpretations of the Real. However, one obvious problem of this is the drastically different notion of the Real that each religion holds. As Hick previously claims, each religions deity is a correct, yet different face of the Real and since no concepts, categories, or distinctions can be applied to the Real, this prevents any potential contradiction between religions.So the differences between the basic concepts and practices of different religions, the different (and often) conflicting historical and trans-historical beliefs and the varied belief systems on which all of them are formed, are harmonious with Hicks pluralistic hypothesis. Compatible in that the multiple world religions constitute different conceptions and perceptions of, and responses to, the Real from within the different cultural ways of being human.However, Hicks hypothesis does not offer a satisfactory explanation of the problem of the conflicting trut h-claims of the different religions. In order for Hicks hypothesis to be probable it has to be withdraw from internal contradictions and accurately explain religious phenomena. It cannot sufficiently meet either of these conditions.This paper began with the scenario of three people each touching a different part of an elephant. This metaphor is basically a simplified version of Hicks hypothesis. Each religion is like a man who is unable to see the elephant as the whole it really is. unless how do we know that the people are all describing the same elephant? Perhaps the first was actually holding the truck of a tree and the second was actually holding a chivy hose and the third was touching the side of a building. This scenario has a critical flaw, it assumes the same thing it allegedly proves, that all three were touching an elephant.Furthermore, the scenario exposit does not really describe the worlds religions. None of the descriptions were conflicting, just different. What if each of the statements make about the elephant contradicted the statements of the others? Would it still be possible to assume that everyone is describing the same elephant? How much contradiction is required before it becomes clear that its not the same elephant everyone is describing? This same question can be applied to Hicks hypothesis. With the conflicting truth-claims of various religions, is it really reasonable to accept Hicks claim that all religions are just different interpretations of the same reality?Hick addresses the credibility of the possibility that every religion worships the same God and just refers to him by different names in Disputed Questions, entitled Jews, Christians, Muslims Do We All Worship the Same God? He concludes that the trouble of this claim is that the various descriptions have to be compatible. The same criticism Hick applied against that position can be applied to Hicks own hypothesis. The differences between religions are far too great for his hypothesis to be plausible.Sensitivity Analysis Applications and IssuesSensitivity Analysis Applications and IssuesFor a accustomed unidimensional programming model, finding the optimum solution is of major importance. But it is not the only information available. There is a very mature amount of sensitivity information. It is basically the information that accounts for what happens when data hold dears are changed.Sensitivity analysis basically talks about how the uncertainity in the fruit of a model can be attributed to different sources of uncertainity in the stimulant model. Uncertainity analysis is a related practice which quantifies the uncertainity in the output of a model. In an ideal situation, uncertainity and sensitivity analysis must run in tandem.If a study is carried out which involves some form of statistical moulding (forming mathematical equations involving variables), sensitivity analysis is used in order to study exactly how robust the study is. It is also used for a childlike range of other purposes including decision making, error checking in models, agreement the descent between input and output variables and enhancing communication between the people who make the decisions and the people involved in constructing the models.For example, we know that there are some variables which are always uncertain in a budgeting process. Operating expenses, futurity tax rates, interest rates etc. Are some of the variables which may not be known with a great amount of accuracy. In this regard sensitivity analysis basically helps us in understanding that if these variables deviate from their expected mensurates, then how will the business, model or system that is being analyzed will be unnatural.An assumption called certainty assumption needs to be invoked in order to formulate a problem as a linear program. The assumption involved knowing what value the data took on, and decisions are made based on that data. However, this assumption is slenderly doubtful the data might be unknown, or guessed at, or differently inaccurate. Thus, determining the effect on the optimal decisions if the values are changed is all the way not feasible because some numbers in the data are more important than others. john we find the important numbers? Can we determine the effect of misestimation?In order to address these questions, linear programming is very handy. Data changes are showed up in the optimal table. A case study use involving sensitivity analysis is worked upon using solver in the later part of the report.1.2. TABLEAU SENSITIVITY summaryAssume that we solve a linear program by ourselves which ends up with an optimal table (or tableau to use a more technical term).We know what an optimal table looks like It has all the non-negative values in the row 0 (which we also refer to as the cost row), all non-negative right-hand-side values, and an identity matrix embedded. If we have to determine the effect of a change in the d ata, we will have to try and determine how that change affected the final tableau and thus, try and reform the final tableau accordingly.1.2.1. constitute CHANGESThe first change that we will consider is changing the cost value by some delta in the original problem. The original problem and the optimal table are already given. If the same exact calculations are through with(p) with the modified problem, we would have the same final optimal table just that the corresponding cost entry would be lower by delta (this happens because the only operations which we do with the first row are add or subtract scalar multiples of it through m to other rows we never add or subtract the scalar multiples of row 0 to the other rows). For example,let us take the problemMax 3x+2ySubject tox+y = 01 + delta = 0which holds for -1 = 5.4 11NZ DISTILLATE DAN + DJN + DUN = 8.7 12US DISTILLATE DUP + DUN

The Teaching Of English Language English Language Essay

The Teaching Of side Language side of meat Language auditionNowadays English is one of the most spoken spoken deliverys in the world. increasingly raft are getting in the acquisition of English, since it is really crucial to both the personal and professional level. Learning other languages gives us immunity to travel and communicate with other people in the world. We are exposed to English all the time, when we are watching TV, when we watch an advertisement or even when we use our own languages. However, the exposure to English is non passable to learn style, so wise methods lay down to be used.Teaching English is non always easy you halt to engage students in the parade of learn and motivate them to get the best results. A variety of methods have appeared in the field of grammar and diction and old methods have disappeared with the pass of the time. During the decease decades students were provided large lists of vocabulary, and they had to analyze them by rep etition. This method of repetition resulted boring and not motivating for students because they didnt do connection amongst address and ideas, and they didnt interact with the reliever of students. Students often feel anxious and bored when learning vocabulary, because they dont feel adjourn in the outgrowth of learning they have a passive reference when learning vocabulary and they forget it easily because interaction is not dumbfound. at that place are lots of ways of learning vocabulary many people improve their English vocabulary trough different methods such as reading interesting books or watching fun films in English. Games, in customary, are designed to build vocabulary skills and to motivate students to learn without effort. expression git be taught by different plot of grounds, such as crossword puzzle puzzle, hangman, word search, bingo and so on To engage students in the study of vocabulary, teachers have to apply games in variance and have to coerce conne ctions between words and ideas and also between words and pictures with youngest students. The use of games in class assists us to build vocabulary skills faster and to a greater extent efficient.In Games for language learning (2005) Wright, A., Betteridge, D., Buckby, M. explain why to use games, and they establish thatLanguage learning is hard work. One must make an effort to understand, to repeat accurately, to align and to use newly silent language in conversation and in written composition. Effort is required at every moment and must be maintained over a long period of time. Games help and encourage many learners to sustain their interest and workI study that this extract summarizes clearly the importance of using games in the process of instruct English as a second language. The game that is dismissal to be explained in this paper is the BINGO. With the use of games, relationships are created within the class, because all students interact together without taking into account their English level. I have elect a Bingo game focused on blood vocabulary and establishments to enlarge different fields of vocabulary.When students are involved in the process of learning a foreign language, they must get in in communicative task-based activities which help students to improve their vocabulary making the process enjoyable.In 1972, dingle Hymes introduced the concept of Communicative competence which focuses on giving students the opportunity to participate and interact in real life situations. Vocabulary games are utilitarian to reach this concept, because students are involved in an atmosphere of communication and interaction all the time.It is very important that students understand the game they are going to play. Bingo game is an useful way of catching students attention, but it must be explained by the teacher to the class to overturn confusion. All students are given a card with different job and establishment vocabulary. Then, the teacher has t o do a kind of demonstration of the game with some students instructions sight be written on the instrument panel if it is necessary. Once all students have their Bingo cards and they have understood the game, they start to play. The students can be organised by groups at low and later individually. In this case the role of teacher is relevant because he/she must participate in the game and read aloud the words of the vocabulary list. This game can be adapted according to students English level. For example, if they have not a high level of English, teacher can pronounce the vocabulary words in English and in that way, students have only to recognise the sounds. However, if students have an advance level, the teacher can present the vocabulary words by phonetic transcription written on the board.Discipline is important but cannot be established by shouting, which, in any case, ruins the whole spirit created by enjoyable games (DeCarrico, J. 2001. Vocabulary learning and teaching. Boston Heinle Heinle)gBingo game is an interesting way of learning new vocabulary, however there could be some discipline problems during the class if students do not participate actively. The most known problem when using a game in a second language is that they use their first off language and not the second language. The teacher has to encourage students to use the L2, because it is a game and it takes part of the process of learning.To avoid all these discipline problems general rules of the game have to be well explained at the beginning of the class. The rules can also be written on a poster by students and in this way they will understand easily the general rules. If students make lot of noise in the class, raise your hand and try not to shout. The students can be organised in groups making the class more dynamic.In conclusion, I think that vocabulary games are a correct option to improve vocabulary in a second language, because it is a different way of catching students attention. Students can learn without effort, and they feel relaxed and cause in the process of learning. Old methods were based on large lists of vocabulary and it makes students feel bored and anxious when studying new words, so with the invention of new communicative methods, this has changed and now learning a second language can be funny and enjoyable.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Control

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological bidSummary by-line numerous pr each(prenominal)ings of the risks associated with biologic mold, (see Howarth, 1991 Simberloff Stiling 1996 Thomas Willis 1998) lit was reviewed in straddle to investigate whether biologic t bothy was an environmentally friendly or a tough business. Although a lack of impregnable demo suggests that risks whitethorn be perceived rather than real, the become of the biologic tick off performer Harmonia axyridis by countries lacking in ordination has severely priced biologic visualizes reputation and eco remainss all everywhere europium. Biological reckon is the most sustain fitted, embody cost- cost-efficient and immanent method of pest management and thitherfore it should be procedured to its full dominance. Harmonized regulation is geted to improve biological falsifys reputation by preventing the push of risky agents in the future. principle should further rather than restrict the utilize of biological attend below its potential. Regulation should be specialally designed for biological bidding and should enforce the use of an environmental risk estimate ( date of reference). Scientifically ground methodologies ar required to ensure an efficient era is conducted for potential biological control agents. An efficient ERA should identify unsuitable agents as early as attainable to skip cost and while requirements. This will endure the continued increment of the biological control industry. Biological control should be apply as part of Integrated Pest Management to ensure the most efficient control of each pest.Introduction and objectivesInsects argon the foundations of ecosystems, transmitters of disease and bucolic pests close to the world (Gassmann et al. 2009). dodge 1 shows that as agricultural pests, worms cause sparing losses of billions every grade.The economic damage ca utilize by insect pests (see gameboard 1) and the join ond consumer demand for blemish free produce has take to the practice session of different approaches to pest management (Castle et al. 2009). For example, modern pesticides mother been used since their cultivation in the 1940s and it has recently been estimated that 8000 metric tons of insecticide (FAO, 2009) are used around the world at an approximate cost of $40 billion every year (Akhabuhaya et al. 2003).The advantages of pesticide use intromit the short clock among c everyplace and force, the eradication of the pest in the region of application and the predictability of success (Bale et al. 2008). The speed and assumed efficiency of pesticides led to their great popularity up to the seventies when concerns arose about their personal personal effects on health and the environmental (see Table 2).The rise in public concern and incrementd conclusion of the blackball effects of pesticides (see Table 2) led to the decrement of their use in the 1970s (Chiu Blair, 2009). Pesticides associated with the more salutary risks were made illegal, such as DDT in 1984 (Attaran Maharaj, 2000). The great decline in pesticide use over the last 50 years has allowed other pest management techniques, such as biological control, to be further developed and apply (Suckling Brockerhoff, 2010).Biological control has real great support due to its innate mechanisms. For example, van Lenteren (2005) estimates that 95% of immanent insects are already controlled through inbred biological control. In addition, a continuous increase in international trade and travel has led to increased insect dispersal mingled with countries (Waage Mumford, 2008). For example, 62,000 pests were reported pursuance an fleshly and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) studycarried out on carpenters plane and boat passengers in the USA (Dunn, 1999). Also, there has been a recent increase in the number of crops stand upn in glasshouses crosswise atomic number 63. Glasshouse co nditions are much more suited to trespassing(a) insects, so this has allowed increased brass (Hunt et al. 2008). The movement to reduce pesticide use, popularity of innate control, increased levels of insect encroachments and the use of glasshouses to grow crops greatly increased the demand for biological control in the eighties (Sheppard et al. 2003).Biological control is the use of living organisms to actively reduce the state density of a pest species. A biological control evasion is deemed a success if the pest tribe densities are tear downed to the fulfilment that they are no longer conceiveed an economic or environmental menace (van Klinken Raghu, 2006).Biological control can be further classified as innocent, enhancive (inundative) or conservation. Classical biological control is the permanent decrease in the population of an st arena pest species through introduction of its exotic natural enemy. The introduced control agent is required to ready as it is meant f or ego sustaining control of the pest (Eilenberg et al. 2001). A classical biological control system that has reached great success is the use of Rodolia cardinalis against the invasive scale insect Icerya purchasi. Following its accidental introduction into California, I. purchasi was threatening to ruin the Californian citrus industry. R. cardinalis was selected as a monophagous natural enemy and 128 individuals were introduced to California. Populations of I. purchasi were controlled within a year (Frank McCoy, 2007). Classical biological control schemes that and reached partial success, i.e. pest population densities were reduced just the agent did non fully establish, led to the growing and use of augmentative biological control.Augmentative biological control is the rout of natural enemies in an inundative or seasonal inoculative manner (van Lenteren, 2005). Inundative biological control is the mass release of biological control agents to quickly reduce a pest populat ion density (Eilenberg et al. 2001). Inundative control agents are non meant to establish so agents may require reintroduction. An example of this is the mass release of the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae to control the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (Bigler, 1986). Seasonal inoculative biological control is the release of a natural enemy species with the aim that they will reproduce, belong and control pests end-to-end a crops growing season (van Lenteren Woets, 1988).Conservation biological control is the alteration of the environment towards one more suited to the pests natural enemy. For example, the readying of extra innkeeper plants (Anethum graveolens and Coriandrum sativum) for the natural enemies (Edovum puttleri and Pediobius foveolatus) of the Colorado potato hammer (Lepti nonarsa decemlineata) (Patt et al. 1997). The aim is a long term increase in natural enemy populations issuinging in increased control of pests (Landis et al. 2000).Until the mid 1980s, the introduction of over 2000 natural enemy species and the successful control of over 165 invasive pest species, led to the belief that biological control was an environmentally fail-safe and cost hard-hitting ersatz to pesticides and GM organisms (van Lenteren et al. 2006a). However, Howarths (1991) argument that there were serious risks associated with biological control was followed by a flood of storys discussing essay of similar risks (for example, Simberloff Stiling, 1996 Louda et al. 2003). It was recognised that an unsuitable biological control agent may cause the problems associated with an invasive insect.The potential risks of biological control include the hazard that the exotic agent could be poisonous, allergenic or the vector of a disease that is dangerous to humans (Howarth, 1991). Introduced species could become immanent crops pests or they could indirectly cause an increase in other crop pest populations (Howarth, 1991). For example, the reduction in come in pest species may allow oldly outcompeted insects to increase population size to pest densities (Kenis et al. 2009). Biological control agents may pour down a plant that other insects rely on for food or shelter (Simberloff Stiling, 1996). For example, the destruction of ash by the Chinese buprestid Agrilus planipennis has menace the only Frazinus genus of leptidoptera (Kenis et al. 2009). Further-more, biological control agents may predate or outcompete insects elusive in plant in tri-trophic interactions or they may kill plant essential pollinators (Simberloff Stiling, 1996).The greatest risks of biological control are those that impact on the environment. These risks include non betoken effects (Hokkanen, 2003). For example, the generalist biological control agent Compsilura concinnata has threatened the extinction of six non buttocks Lepidoptera species in North America (Boettner et al. 2000). The effect of a biological control agent on non chump organisms m ay be direct, such as the parasitisation of a non target host when the target is unavailable, or the preference of exotic prey over the target (Simberloff Stiling, 1996 Kriticos et al. 2009). For example, Cotesia glomerata parasitised the non target butterfly Pieris oleracea which is now at risk of extinction (Van Driesche et al. 2003). A reduction in non target population size may reduce their genetic diversity and therefore ability to adapt to future environmental changes (Kenis et al. 2009). Introduced agents may hybridise with native species or be a vector of a disease to which native invertebrates strike no resistance (NRC, 2002).The thinkable indirect effects of biological control include resource opposition (Delfosse, 2005). For example, the introduced parasitoid C. concinnata appears to make outcompeted the native silk moth parasitoid (Lespesia frenchii) in reinvigorated England (Parry, 2009). Biological control agents may share predators with a native herbivore. This may burden in the falling out of natural biological control reduced predation of the native herbivore may allow its population to increase to pest densities. Severe alterations to the ecosystem may go by if the introduced species affects an ecosystems lynchpinstone species or becomes a give awaystone species (Wagner Van Driesche, 2010). This would alter natural co-evolved relationships (Strong Pemberton, 2000) inducing evolutionary changes (Kenis et al. 2009). Finally, biological control agents may disperse from their area of introduction. This means the risks described are pertinent to any(prenominal) neighbouring habitats and countries (Howarth, 1991).The increased discussion of these risks has led to demand for regulation work throughing a thorough risk assessment to ensure that only safe biological control agents are released (Delfosse, 2005). numerous publications accommodate been released by organisations and countries (such as IPPC, 1997 EPPO, 1999 EPPO, 2001 EPP O, 2002 EU-funded ERBIC, 1998-2002 OECD, 2004 IOBC/WPRS, 2003 IPPC, 2005 REBECA, 2007). These publications declare oneself useful regulatory guidelines but they are non legally binding, they are similarly too dull as they do not state appropriate Environmental pretend Assessment (ERA) methods (Kuhlmann et al. 2006). Many countries moderate not produced regulations or do not actively utilise them and this has resulted in extremely patchy regulation crossways the globe.Advocates of biological control argue that the discussions of the potential risks do not provide fitting certify that sight effects were due to biological control (Lynch et al. 2001). Also, insect invasions occur accidently all the time with little evidence of any harm and therefore, an increase in regulation is not required.To answer the nous posed (is biological control an environmentally friendly or risky business?) this review will address the following querys Are the perceived risks of biological contro l founded on relevant evidence? What and where are the real biological control regulatory systems? Are ERA methods described and if so are they efficient ortoo strict, expensiveor vague? Do they acknowledge the differences between classical and inundative biological control and are they applicable to both? What should an efficient ERA comprise of? Is biological control compatible with other pestmanagement schemes?MethodsThe initial literature search was conducted to identify the scope of the topic Web of Knowledge was used because this search engine has a database holding a wide range of journals. The use of Web of Knowledge alike has the advantage of being able to read the abstract ahead downloading the paper and the search can be restricted to Science Citation Index Expanded to increase the relevance of results. In order of battle to study the full history of biological control, there was no restriction markd on the year of publishing and a range of broad key words were used including insect biological control AND history.Following the initial search and study of primary papers, key areas of interest were identified where further research was required in order to answer the question posed. Papers of interest were found using oblige reference lists and topic peculiar(prenominal) searches. These searches were conducted using key words for each area that required more detailed research. For example, papers on the problems associated with pesticide use were searched for using PubMed. PubMed is a biomedical database so was a more relevant search engine for this particular topic. Key words used include pesticide limit* AND human health. Once found, citation searches were used on key papers to help establish their importance and accuracy.Boolean operators were used to blend in keywords in the Topic search. An asterisk (*) was typed at the end of words that could soak up various endings. This allowed a wider search including titles with singular and plural word forms. The OR operator was used between likely key words to allow for variation in terminology. When a search found too many another(prenominal) results (over atomic number 6), AND or NOT were used between words and more specific key words were identified to help make the results more relevant. more specific keywords were identified using terminology that was common in the titles of elicit papers. When a search resulted in less than 100 papers all abstracts were read. If the abstract suggested the paper might provide evidence towards answering the question posed, the full paper was read. This search strategy allowed the efficient search of specific papers relevant to each area of interest.Key Papers effect of a Biological Control Introduction on Three Non-target domestic Species of Saturniid MothsBoettner et al. (2000) Conservation Biology, 14, 1798- clxxx6.To answer the question posed, (is biological control an environmentally friendly or risky business?) this review ne eds to consider whether or not the risks discussed for biological control are founded on relevant evidence. Examples used to demonstrate non target effects are often criticized because they do not account for native predation causing non target death rate (Lynch et al. 2001). This study is pioneering as it is the first to directly assess the non target effects of the classical biological control agent Compsilura concinnata and compares these effects to native predators.The effects of C. concinnata on the non targets Hyalophora cecropia, Callosamia promethean and the state endangered Hemileuca maia maia were studied. This prove was conducted following observations that these non target species populations had declined since the introduction of C. concinnata. Cohorts of 100 H. cecropia larvae, densities of 1 100 C. promethean larvae and wild H. maia maia eggs were observed in the field. The voice mortality of each species that was due to C. concinnata was calculated.Boettner et a l. (2000) found that 81% of H. cecropia mortality was due to C. concinnata (see Table 5). 67.5% of C. promethean larvae and 36% of H. maia maia mortality were overly found to be due to C. concinnata.Boettner et al. (2000) found that C. concinnata was responsible for the majority of non target deaths and that the numbers of individuals surviving may be less than the minimum workable population size for each species. Biological control should neer result in a loss of biodiversity (Kuris, 2003).Methods utilised were supported by previous studies and were conducted in realistic conditions. This is important because host selection is effected by physiological conditions including the availability of hosts (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). However, the species were reared in a laboratory before and afterwards exposure to parasitoids. This is undesirable as larvae were reared in unnatural conditions which could alter the parasitoids host selection (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). In addition, re peats should have been conducted for each taste to allow for natural variation in host selection (Bigler et al. 2005).Although this paper accounts for mortality due to native predators, it is still limited by the assumption that the observed reduction in saturniid moth populations was due to increased levels of predation. Other possible reasons for non target population declines and the parasitisation rate prior to the introduction of C. concinnata require consideration. Van Lenteren et al. (2006b) states that firm evidence non target population declines are due to biological control is often lacking. Therefore, it may be argued that this study does not provide secure evidence that C. concinnata has caused the observed decline in non target populations.Overall, Boettner et al. (2000) provide evidence that C. concinnata parasitises non target species. Since its initial release in 1906, C. concinnata has been observed parasitizing over 180 native North American species. In combinati on with other evidence of non target effects and with the knowledge that non target studies are rarely conducted following introductions, this study assists in the argument that non target effects are a reality (Louda Stiling, 2004). Therefore, biological control has the potential to be environmentally risky.Changes in a lady beetle community following the establishment of common chord alien speciesAlyokhin Sewell (2004) Biological Invasions, 6, 463-471.The successful introduction of Rodolia cardinalis was followed by the introductions of numerous coccinellids without a thorough risk assessment (van Lenteren, 2005). As a result, many indirect effects have been enter. However, numerous experiments that appear to provide evidence for indirect effects have been criticized because they took place over such a short time scale. This means that limited conclusions can be raddled because they do not allow for natural variation in species abundances (Alyokhin Sewell, 2004). colossal t erm research is required in order to provide adequate evidence for the indirect effects of biological control. This is particularly relevant to coccinellids as they are known for population fluctuations (Alyokhin Sewell, 2004).This paper provides evidence of the biological control agents Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatordecimpunctata competitively displacing native coccinellids. This paper is pioneering as the change in coccinellid populations was observed over a 31 year period so it allows for natural variation.Alyokhin Sewell (2004) found that prior to 1980 the majority of coccinellid species recorded were native. Following the establishment of C. septempunctata in 1980, native species were outcompeted the abundance of C. septempunctata increased from 6.1% in 1980 to 100% in 1994 (see cipher 1). In 1993 and 1995 P. quatordecimpunctata and H. axyridis established respectively (see Figure 1). Alyokhin Sewell (2004) concluded that the increase in ex otic coccinellid establishment was strongly correlated with a statistically pregnant decline in native coccinellid populations.This study provides evidence for the indirect effects of biological control. The methodology allows for natural population fluctuations and both methods and results were supported by previous studies (such as Brown Miller 1998 Elliott et al. 1996). However, controls were obtained from an archive, this is undesirable as it does not ensure the use of the said(prenominal) protocol. Experiments should always include appropriate validatory and negative controls to enable the drawing of accurate conclusions (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). In addition, this study does not consider other factors that might have affected native species populations such as temperature and other native species.The establishment of exotic coccinellids did not result in the total displacement of native species native species were present throughout the study in reduced abundance. This may indicate that although competition took place, it was not substantial enough to place the native coccinellids at risk of extinction. Therefore, it may be argued that the benefits of aphid control are worth a reduction in native coccinellid populations (Pearson Callaway, 2005).In addition, this study is further limited as it took place on a potato field and potato is exotic to the area. Therefore, this experiment may not reflect the effects of an introduction exotic insect to a naturally evolved ecosystem. For example, potato and native coccinellids did not evolve unneurotic and this may have provided exotic species with a competitive advantage (Strong Pemberton, 2000). in spite of the limitations discussed, this study provides evidence of habitat displacement in biological control. Alyokhin Sewell (2004) utilised appropriate statistical tests to provide valuable insight into the change in native species populations following biological control agent establishment. The regula tions and assessments under which biological control agents such as H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were released needs to be reassessed to ensure biological control is environmentally safe.Harmonia axyridis in Great Britain analysis of the revolve and distribution of a non-native coccinellidBrown et al. (2008) BioControl, 53, 55-67.Harmonia axyridis has been released to control aphids and coccids crosswise Europe (for example, Ukraine in 1964, Belarus in 1968, France in 1982, Portugal in 1984, Italy in 1990s, Greece in 1994, Spain in 1995, Netherlands in 1996, Belgium in 1997, Germany in 1997, Switzerland for a short period in the 1990s before it was deemed too risky and finally, Czech republic in 2003). Since its introduction into these countries, H. axyridis has also been observed in Austria, Denmark, the UK, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden (Brown et al. 2007). This paper provides evidence of H. axyridis dispersal into Great Britain, where it has never advisedly been released. This paper was selected as unlike other countries, Great Britain has monitored the spread of H. axyridis since its initial arrival in 2004 (Majerus et al. 2006).Brown et al. (2008) utilised a net ground survey to follow the dispersal of H. axyridis across Great Britain. mingled with 2004 and 2006, the analysis of 4117 H. axyridis recordings indicated that H. axyridis dispersed an average of 58 km north, 144.5 km westmost and 94.3 km north-west per year. The increased western dispersal rate is suggested to be due to multiple invasions from the European mainland. H. axyridis recordings increased by an average of 2.9 tidy sum each year and the mean number of adults per recording increased from 2.9 in 2004 to 6.2 in 2006.The results from this study indicate that H. axyridis has invaded Great Britain on multiple cause and through multiple methods. For example, a single blue population of H. axyridis was recorded in Derby. This indicates that this population must ha ve arisen from a separate invasion than those populations spreading across the UK from the East.Public recordings were verified before inclusion in the analysis. Although this would have increased the accuracy of results, 4316 recordings were not verified so were not included. Some of the non verified recordings were likely to be H. axyridis but verification was not possible. Therefore, the analysis in this paper could be a huge lowball of the actual dispersal and abundance of H. axyridis across the Great Britain. This data primed(p) is also limited due to the uneven spread of human populations across Great Britain. This would have resulted in a variation in the frequence of recordings in different areas. Therefore, these results may not accurately represent the species abundance.This paper demonstrates that the currently inconsistent regulation for biological control across Europe is not adequate. The release of a biological control agent in one country will inevitably affect ne ighbouring countries. For example, H. axyridis has never been intentionally released in the UK but it has been estimated that since its invasion, H. axyridis could negatively affect 1, 000 of Great Britains native species (Majerus et al. 2006). The release of H. axyridis provides evidence that patchy regulation is a risk of biological control in itself.Review of invertebrate biological control agent regulation in Australia, newfangled Zealand, Canada and the USA preachations for a harmonized European systemHunt et al. (2008) Journal of Applied Entomology, 132, 89-123.Whilst the potential risks of biological control have only recently been acknowledged in Europe, they have been recognised and regulations have been implemented to avoid them for over forty years in Australia, radical Zealand, Canada and the USA. Following a thorough and pioneering review of current regulation, Hunt et al. (2008) have discussed the adaptation of some concepts for Europe.Hunt et al. (2008) found that although most European countries have regulation in place, only eight countries utilise them. Therefore, like Australia, unsanded Zealand, Canada and the USA, Europe requires the passing of legislations to enforce the safe use of biological control. Australia is the only country to have a governing body specifically for biological control. Regulations in New Zealand, Canada and the USA fall under plant, conservational, environmental or endangered species Acts (Hoddle, 2004). Europe requires an EU level body and regulation specifically for insect biological control. This body should cover both environmental and agricultural issues and should be composed of experts representing each country. The EU body should implement regulations across Europe and should make decisions for the release of biological control agents. Like Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand a group of scientific experts should be utilised to review applications and recommend decisions to the EU body. This will ensure the decision for each introduction is based on the opinion of experts covering a broad range of expertise.Following the establishment of an EU wide body and the passing of legislation, scientifically based ERA procedures need to be developed. In both Australia and the USA, approval is seek for the non target list prior to host specificity testing, however, this may restrict the ideally flexible spirit of host specificity testing where species should be added or withdraw when appropriate (Kuhlmann et al. 2005). Hunt et al. (2008) suggest European regulation should follow New Zealand by involving discussions with experts. This will ensure the consideration of all risks, be, benefits and the use of a scientifically based ERA. Discussion with experts will also reduce costs and time wasted on projects that do not have potential or are not being completed in an efficient manner.This paper uses examples from the USA and Canada to demonstrate that a regulatory body over the whole of Europe is possible. It also emphasises the importance of utilising previous experiences of regulated countries to implement effective regulation in Europe. However, Messing (2005) argues that the USA has unresolved legislative problems between their federal and state governing boards. For example, Hawaii has such strict ERA regulations that the use of biological control is hindered and the federal ERA regulations are meager as they do not involve adequate application review. In addition, Cameron et al. (1993) argues that only 24% of biological control projects in New Zealand have been a success. Goldson et al. (2010) adds that Australian and New Zealand legislations are too strict. For example, in order to receive approval for release, evidence is required to prove agents do not pose any risks but this is often impossible due to time and cost constraints.Care is required when reviewing the regulation of biological control in other countries. The presence of regulation does not necessarily mean it is enforce and information from government employees may be susceptible to political issues. Europe wide legislation is required but time and cost constraints need to be taken into account. In conclusion, regulation is needed to enforce the environmental safety of biological control but it should not restrict its effective use.Establishment potential of the predatory mirid Dicyphus hesperus in northern EuropeHatherly et al. (2008) BioControl, 53, 589-601.Many guidelines have been released for an ERA (such as EPPO, 2001 NAPPO, 2001 IPPC, 2005) but no(prenominal) state a clear and effective methodology to test for establishment. As a result of this, climate matching has been widely accepted as an efficient predictor of establishment (for example, Messenger van den Bosch, 1971 Stiling, 1993). However, the augmentative biological control agent, Neoseiulus caliginosus has proved its inadequacy as individuals with diapause ability were released by chance (Jolly, 200 0). McClay Hughes (1995) use of a degree-day model to predict establishment potential has also been criticized due to its labour intensive nature (McClay, 1996). In addition, the numerous methods utilised to delay developmental thresholds have led to differing conclusions for the establishment potential of the same insect (Hart et al. 2002). Hatherly et al. (2008) utilise a clear and scientifically based methodology for a test for establishment that should be used as an alternative to climate matching and day degree models.Each experiment involved treatments of fed and unfed first instar nymphs, adults and diapause induced adults. Supercooling points (SCP), Lower lethal times (see Figure 2) and temperatures were determined. Field experiments were completed to study the effects of naturally move temperatures and a control experiment was conducted to ensure experimental conditions did not damage the mirids.Statistical tests (one way ANOVA and Tukeys HSD test) found no significant differences between the SCP (-20oC) for different life cycles and Ltemp90 was found to be -20.4oC for diapausing insects. After 140 long time in the field, 5% of fed nymphs and 50% of fed diapausing adults were alive. After 148 days, 15% of fed non diapausing adults were alive. Following transfer to the lab, the survivor adults were observed laying executable eggs.Overall, it was concluded that D. hersperus were able to diapause and individuals from each life cycle were able to survive outdoors in the UK. Feeding increased survival times and the polyphagous nature of D. hersperus meant it was likely to find food.Laboratory methods to test the establishment potential of possible biological control agents need to be environmentally relevant (Hoelmer Kirk, 2005). To determine SCP, the rate of temperature decrease was 0.5oCmin-1, this could be reduced to make it more realistic. Mortalities for lower lethal temperatures were recorded after 24 and 48 hours, however, winter lasts for 4 to six months. In this case, this was appropriate as 90% mortality was reached at each temperature exposure within the timescale. To make this study more realistic, it was ensured that D. hersperus was experimented on in the condition received by commercial buyers. To ensure that the results did not occur by chance, lower lethal temperatures and time were determined in addition to SCPs (Bale, 2005).To determine establishment potential, both b

Entity ritual and power an anthroplogical

Entity rite and power an anthroplogicalAnthropology 103 is an introduction to some of the major topics and issues that cite favorable and cultural anthropologists today. It complements Anth 102 Anthropological Perspectives, offered in the second semester, which deals with a expose range of anthropological issues. Together, Anth 102 and 103 constitute a comprehensive introduction to anthropology and students intending to major in anthropology should do both of them. Both Anth 102 and Anth 103 also complement our separate 100-level courses, Anth 104 Endangered Peoples (offered in 2011) and Anth 105 Human Evolution, offered this semester.Course convenor beat bring outrAssoc. Prof. Patrick McAllister, manner 325, Department of Sociology and AnthropologyPhone ext 7103 email emailprotectedCourse administratorRoslyn Kerr, Room 207, schooling of accessible and policy-making SciencesPhone ext 7185 email emailprotectedy.ac.nzTutorsAmba Brackenreg Morton, Room 207, School of tender and Political SciencesPhone ext 7185 email emailprotectedNiki McCusker, Room 207, School of Social and Political SciencesPhone ext 7185 email emailprotectedConsulting hoursYour tutor will in get you of her/his enquireing hours once you throw been assigned to a tutorial group. Feel free to make an designation with the course lecturer at any time.Lectures and tutorials in that location will be two lectures a week on Monday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A4 lecture theatre and Wednesday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A5 lecture theatre. There is one absolute tutorial a week. Tutorial groups, venues and times will be set up at the beginning of the course. Lecture outlines will be posted on meditate each week.AssessmentTutorial union (attendance and preparation of notes) 15%Class test Wednesday31 March 15%Essay due on Friday 21 whitethorn 20%Exam (date t.b.a.) 50%Satisfactory participation in tutorials will require the preparation of written notes (approximately one scalawag of 300 words p er tutorial) establish on the tutorial reading. Most tutorials consider participation in small-group work, and adequate preparation is essential. You ar required to put one across a heavily copy of the notes to the tutorial so that you can deliberate it during discussions. The notes will be collected and recorded exclusively not assessed, only if the mark for tutorial participation is based on both the hard copy handed in to the tutor and on your attendance at the tutorial. The essay ( take c be p. 7) should be typed, double lieud, and around 2000 words in length. have contains a guide to essay writing and a contactencing guide which you must(prenominal) read.The class test will be based entirely on material dealt with in tutorials and lectures, including the relevant readings in the course reader (weekly readings as well as tutorial readings). The exam will be based on all aspects of the course readings, lectures, tutorials and videos. For details on assessment policy, aegrotats, extensions, etc., see Learn.Course reader and Tutorial readingsPart One of the Course lecturer contains the weekly readings relevant to the weekly lectures. Tutorial readings ar found in Part Two of the course reader. Students are also advised to consult the Anthropology and other social science encyclopaedias in the reference section of the rally Library.Text throwThere is a recommended text book for this course, available from the University book shop. It is Monaghan, J and Just, P. Social and heathenish Anthropology A Very Short substructure. Oxford, 2000. There is also a course Reader. It contains readings relevant to both lectures and tutorials but not readings from the recommended text book.Other recommended texts (on short loan in the library)Metcalf, Peter Anthropology The Basics. Routledge 2005.Eriksen, doubting Thomas Hyland Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. capital of the United Kingdom underworld Press. 2001.Internet resourcesLearn contains ev erything you need to know about the course (see http//learn.canterbury.ac.nz/login/index.php) and also has links to a number of sites of interest to anthropologists.Course overview Anth 103 introduces students to a range of topics aimed at enable them to critically examine the temper and role of culture in constructing a sense of individual and collective identity, and how this is link up to various forms of power. gardening is viewed as a system of symbols that provide meaning, manifested in language, in notions of space and place, in art, in religious rite, and in other material things much(prenominal) as nutrition and dress. The course explores the role of symbols and rituals in the construction of culture. It demonstrates how ideas about culture whitethorn form the basis of group formation, heathenish and national identity, and how many forms of social action (including conflict among groups) may be understood as the politics of culture in which there are struggles for i dentity and power. Culture and identity are frequently acted out or performed in ritual and other forms of public action, and the notion of surgical operation is introduced and developed in sexual congress to the construction and demonstration of identity. The course illustrates the diverse temperament of the ways in which humans perform identity and how these topics are of interest and relevance to countries such as fresh Zealand. In this sense it demonstrates how anthropology is relevant in todays world, by showing how an anthropological approach may be applied to contemporaneous social issues. _____________________________________________________________________Lecture programme_____________________________________________________________________ workweek 1 22 FebruaryWe start, this week and next, with an introduction to socio-cultural anthropology, its perspectives and its methods. Certain basic anthropological concerns are introduced. These include the nature of culture an d alliance, and the ways in which humans organise themselves socially (weeks 2 and 3). In later weeks we see that time, space, the body and material culture form distinguished components of this, as do ritual and power. In this respect the splendor of symbols and meaning are emphasised, before we move on (in the second half of the course) to the question of ritual and ritual performance, through which culture is expressed, identities constructed and maintained, and power relationships acted out and reflected upon. Ritual performances, then, turn out to be basic to understanding the nature of social identity and the politics of culture, and vice versa. exposures and video clips are utilise to provide visual illustrations and food for thought.1. Welcome and introduction what is socio-cultural anthropology, and why cultivation it? Academic members of the UC anthropology programme and what they do.2. The anthropological approach Ethnographic fieldworkVideo mutilate the Verandah (Malinowski)Readings Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch1) Eriksen 2001, ch 3.No tutorial this week._____________________________________________________________________Week 2 1 March3. Culture and golf club Video The Kawelka Ongkas Big Moka4. Culture, symbols, society, meaning Video Dogtown and Z boysReadings Monaghan and Just 2000 (chs 2 3) Hendry, 1999, ch 1.Tutorial Metcalf refers to the culture shock undergo by anthropological fieldworkers. How is this illustrated by Richard Lees experience of Christmas in the Kalahari?Metcalf 2005, ch1 Lee 2000._____________________________________________________________________Week 3 8 March5. Symbols, identity and power Video Dogtown and Z boys (contd.)6. Reflections and consolidation Dogtown, the Kawelka, and the anthropological approachReading Delaney 2004, pp. 323-332Tutorial It has been suggested that culture consists of meanings strikeed by symbols. Your tutorial notes should address the following questions What is a symbol? How do sym bols convey meaning? wherefore is symbolism central to understanding culture and society?Hendry 1999, Ch 5._____________________________________________________________________Week 4 15 March7. Material culture the things that amour8. Economic anthropology The Potlatch. Video Box of TreasuresReadings Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 6) Piddocke 1965Tutorial Body ritual in fresh Zealand society How does body ritual and the associated material things in your own home compare with the lengths to which the Nacirema go to ensure bodily goodness?Miner 2000._____________________________________________________________________Week 5 22 March9. Time and space10. The politics of culture. Video Basques of SantaziReadings Bourdieu 1973Tutorial Maria Tam considers yumcha to be a typically Hong Style of eating. What is the connection between food, time and place in this instance? Can you think of other examples of close associations between a particular national or regional identity and specif ic foods or eating styles?Tam 1997._____________________________________________________________________Week 6 29 March11. The politics of culture (contd)12. Class test.Readings Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 5) Atran 2007.Tutorial Race and culture Why is race a discredited concept in biology? And if it is discredited, why is it relevant to anthropologists? Check it out in your tutorial readings, then go to the library and look through last weeks New Zealand and Australian newspapers for articles that refer to race, race differences, or similar issues and bring the article with you to the tutorial for discussion, on with your notes.Metcalf 2005, ch 2 Diamond 1999._____________________________________________________________________Mid semester break_____________________________________________________________________Week 7 26 April13. Nationalism and ethnicity Ethnicity and the politics of culture in New Zealand14. Aesthetics, identity and societyReadings Eriksen 2001, ch 17-18 Hend ry 1999, ch 6Tutorial Discuss and evaluate Koligs analysis of the links between culture, ethnicity, politics and power in New Zealand. Kolig 2009._____________________________________________________________________Week 8 3 May15. Religion and Ritual16. Ritual and the life-cycleReadings Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 7) Hendry 1999 (ch 4)Tutorial What are the characteristics of the liminal stage of rites of passage?Turner 2000._____________________________________________________________________Week 9 10 May17. Rites of Passage. Video Masai Manhood18. Masai ritual, politics and powerReadings Turnbull 1993 (Ch 10)Tutorial How did Moerans attention to the ritualised usage of alcohol and to drinking talk help him to understand power relations in the Japanese community that he studied?Moeran 1998._____________________________________________________________________Week 10 17 May19. Ritual, identity, power witches, sorcerers, and oraclesVideo Strange Beliefs (Evan-Pritchard)20. Magic and shamanismVideo Off the Verandah (Malinowski)Readings Beattie 1964, pp. 139-151Tutorial What is globalization and why are anthropologists interested in it?Eriksen 2001, ch 19._____________________________________________________________________Week 11 24 May21. cultural performance22. Performing identity Video Trobriand CricketReadings Bauman 1992Tutorial What are the ways in which you perform your identity? How are such performances related to your nationality, age, gender, education and ethnicity?Fernea and Fernea 2000_____________________________________________________________________Week 12 31 May23. Cultural performance and public ritual in New Zealand ANZAC Day24. Conclusion, course overview, exam detailsReadings Delaney 2004, 376-391Tutorial Revision and consolidation_____________________________________________________________________Essay due on Friday 21 May (2000 words, typed)Choose ONE of the following topics.1. Discuss the proceeds or otherwise of regarding Pakeha/Maori relations as relations between ethnic groups. Use the media to make reference to contemporary issues and controversies in your answer.Banks, M. Ethnicity Anthropological Constructions. capital of the United Kingdom New York Routledge. 1996.Eriksen, T. H. Ethnicity and Nationalism Anthropological Perspectives. London Pluto. 1993.Kolig, E. Romancing Culture and its Limitations Policies of Cultural Recognition, Multiculturalism and Cultural Boundaries in New Zealand. In The Politics of Conformity in New Zealand, edited by R. Openshaw and E. Rata. Auckland Pearson. 2009.Kottak, C. Anthropology The Exploration of Human Diversity. 9th edition. McGraw Hill. 2002. Ch 12.Barber, K. Pakeha Ethnicity and Indigeneity. Social Analysis, 43, 2. 1999Spoonley, P Pearson, C. Nga Patai racial discrimination and Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Palmerston North Dunmore Press. 1996. (Chapters by ships bell and Spoonley).2. Anthropology is said to be concerned with the contempo rary study of culture and society. What do these two terms mean, and in what ways are they connected?Barnard, A. and J. Spencer encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London Routledge. 1996. (Make use of other Anthropology encyclopaedias as well).Metcalf, Peter.Anthropology The Basics. Abingdon/New York Routledge. 2005.Bailey, James and Peoples, Garrick. Humanity An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. 6th edition. Belmont, Ca. Thomson/Wadsworth. 2003Hendry, Joy. An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London MacMillan Press. 1999.Eriksen, Thomas Hyland. Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. London Pluto Press. 2001Beattie, John. Other Cultures. LondonRoutledge. 1964.3. The body, it is said, is not a natural thing but a cultural one. The body is implicated in ritual and performance, and it is an important source of symbolism in most societies. Discuss.Delaney, Carol. An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Malden/Oxford. 2004, chs 6-8Hendry, Joy. An Introd uction to Social Anthropology. London MacMillan Press. 1999. Ch 5Bowie, F. The anthropology of religion. Second edition. Oxford Blackwells. 2006. Ch 2.Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand. London Cohen and West. 1960. pp89-116.

Duke Basketball :: essays research papers

There ar 12240 students at Duke University, and every family 12 out of those 12240 argon put on a mission. The expectations are far above the ground, these 12 men and their coaching staff are call(a)ed the Duke University Blue Devils basketball game squad. Year after year their mission is to take up home an NCAA basketball guinea pig championship trophy. Three of 84 teams at Duke University have reached their goal by winning a national championship.Duke is matchless of the nations best k instantaneouslyn basketball broadcasts. Just eight miles away from Dukes campus, 1 of their toughest competitors and arch enemy, the University of North Carolina Tar Heels. The Duke ? UNC rivalry is one of the best in sports, they are usually one of the top teams in the nation. Duke is the forth- winningest program in the nation (1799-792). Under coach-and-four Mike Krzyzweski they have become the winnigest program in the country (648-167). Coach K as they call him, has brought all 3 nation al championships to Durham, North Carolina (1991, 1992, 2001).Duke basketball dates back to when they were Trinity College, the epithet was later adjustmentd in 1923 to Duke University. Trinity never was as high-quality of a team as Duke has been in the last 20 years. Trinity won 48 games in the 65 years of their existence. In Dukes early years the basketball program did not triumph as in recent years. At the time the power sport at Duke was football. In 1949 a change came when a young man named Dick Groat came around, he became the sense datum of the Blue Devil basketball and baseball team. Groat wasn?t recruited to sportswoman basketball he was on an athletic scholarship for baseball. None the less, he was elected as an All- American in 1951 and 1952 for his basketball talents. Unfortunately, he was never able to lead either of his teams to a championship. His basketball number (10) was retired, and now hangs on the ceiling of Cameron Indoor Stadium. The 1980?s rolled aro und and the ?Cameron Crazies? (Duke hoops fans) felt as if there were no hope for their Blue Devils basketball program, but that?s where they were wrong. Along came what is arguably the greatest coach to spirit foot on a basketball court, Coach Mike Krzyzewski. Coach K has had unprecedented success at Duke, winning three national championships, and making Duke the powerhouse basketball school that they are today.

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy :: essays research papers

It was very apparent to everyone who had carefully followed the course of events that we would sooner or later have to meet the bane to civilization which these aggressor nations were presenting to the worldand that we would ultimately be left to human face the onslaught alone are words from then Secretary of contend Henry Stimson. America knew she was headed for war, her mint though, non directly feeling the set up of the conflicts going on half a world away would non support the loss of American lives for a foreign war. The g everywherenment knew just about the planned attacks on Pearl Harbor, kept the information from the military leading that needed it the most, and used the tragedy to rally the nation toward war.AIR break ON PEARL HARBOR. THIS IS NO DRILL. This is the message sent out by radioman Kyle Boyer at 758 a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941 a realize which will live in infamy. The empire of Japan had attacked the United States peaceable Fleet based in Pearl Harbor . For months the US Intelligence community, as well as others around the world, had been intercepting and decoding transmissions from mainland Japan to their diplomats and spies in the US. We had batty their Purple Code, and knew exactly what military intelligence was being transmitted stomach and forth. The Dutch also cracked Purple and informed our government of the Nipponese plan and were shocked to hear reports that we were taken by surprised. Even more disturbing, months before the attack a British double agent, Dusko Popov, enternamed Tricycle, turned over to the F.B.I. detailed plans of the Japanese air raid, which he had obtained from the Germans. The government had the information, and did nothing with it.The people who needed the information the most, Admiral Kimmel, commander-in-chief us pacific fleet, and General Walter Short, the multitude commander in Hawaii, were kept out of the loop. Why would the military go such pertinent information from its leaders in Hawa ii? few would argue they hid the information so the Japanese would not know their code was broken. I wonder if the 2,000+ service men and civilians that died that day would share the akin concern. Admiral Kimmel had been complaining about shortages of personnel, planes, and radar for months. General Short did not even know he had a special Army supervise station on the island, and was not even cleared to see the decrypted messages know as Magic.

Being Pregnant Essay -- Original Writing Personal Narrative

Being PregnantThrough reveal my teenage years I always had it made. I had security, support of my family, and other things. When I turned 16 I had found out something that would budge my life-time forever, I was pregnant. As a teenager I was anorexic, because meaning I had a problem with getting fat. If I had gained plainly a little micro chip of weight I went on a crash diet (alimentation zippo at only for a item of time) till I befogged the weight I had gained. For a full stop of time I had went through with(predicate) a spell of doing nothing and eating. My mom had started to ask questions, and I had told her everything was ok I was scantily acquittance through unrivalled of my eating spells. My uncle had accidentally dropped me on a cementum block therefore resulting in hurting my tailbone. So for the rest of my life my tailbone would freeze up where I could not move or just hurt all the time. The object lesson of this part is when I was 16 my tailbone had fros ty up and my mom and comrade had taken me to the hospital. I would have never known this would be a turning point in my life. The compensate took x-rays to find out what was malign and later sent us sign of the zodiac communicateing us he would call us if anything abnormal showed up. after on that day we were all just watching television consequently the phone rang. Little did I know what he was about to break me would result in the actions I had to take. I answered the phone and it was the doctor. He had proceeded to tell me the x-rays were fine except one thing, and the words he had told me put me ... Being Pregnant Essay -- professional Writing Personal NarrativeBeing PregnantThrough out my teenage years I always had it made. I had security, support of my family, and other things. When I turned 16 I had found out something that would change my life forever, I was pregnant. As a teenager I was anorexic, therefore meaning I had a problem with getting fat. If I had gained just a little bit of weight I went on a crash diet (eating nothing at all for a period of time) till I lost the weight I had gained. For a period of time I had went through a spell of doing nothing but eating. My mom had started to ask questions, and I had told her everything was ok I was just going through one of my eating spells. My uncle had accidentally dropped me on a cement block therefore resulting in hurting my tailbone. So for the rest of my life my tailbone would freeze up where I could not move or just hurt all the time. The moral of this part is when I was 16 my tailbone had frozen up and my mom and brother had taken me to the hospital. I would have never known this would be a turning point in my life. The doctor took x-rays to find out what was wrong and later sent us home telling us he would call us if anything abnormal showed up. Later on that day we were all just watching television then the phone rang. Little did I know what he was about to tell me would result in the actions I had to take. I answered the phone and it was the doctor. He had proceeded to tell me the x-rays were fine except one thing, and the words he had told me put me ...

Othello’s Evil Side Essay -- Othello essays

Othellos Evil Side In the Bard of Avons tragic drama Othello there is a genuinely disquieting dimension of the play this is the disgust dimension, which has much(prenominal) depth and long suit that it penetrates not only the mind but the body and soul of the audience. level the imagery in the drama has its evil aspect. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespe be Othello, explains the instances of goddamn imagery in the play as they relate to the infecting of the berth by the ancient The same transference from Iago to Othello may be observed in what S. L. Bethell called diabolic imagery. He estimated that of the 64 images relating to hell and damnation many of them are allusions rather than strict images Iago has 18 and Othello 26. But 14 of Iagos are used in the first cardinal Acts, and 25 of Othellos in the wear three. The theme of hell originates with Iago and is transferred to Othello only when Iago has succeeded in infecting the Moor with his jealous y. (22) In his defend of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley gives an in-depth analysis of the brand of evil which the ancient personifies Iago stands unequivocal among Shakespeares evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination maintain gone to his making, and because he illustrates in the most perfect combination the two facts concerning evil which seem to have impressed Shakespeare most. The first of these is the fact that short sane people exist in whom fellow-feeling of any kind is so weak that an almost absolute egoism becomes possible to them, and with it those hard vices such as ingratitude and cruelty which to Shakespeare were far the worst. The second is that such evil is... ...oduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. Historical Differences misogynism and Othello. The Matter of Difference Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1991. Wilson, H. S. On the image of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.